Ionic liquids (IL) are new direct dissolving systems for cellulose characterized by unique dissolving properties and simple technical handling. Selected IL‐systems are non toxic and chemically as well as physically neutral which represents an advantage as compared to the commonly used direct solvent N‐methyl‐ morpholine‐N‐oxide (NMMO). Fibres can easily be prepared by coagulation in water. The BASF company as a leading producer of ionic liquids investigates the technical conversion of the preparation of cellulosic fibres using ionic liquids in cooperation with the Institut für Textilchemie und Chemiefasern (ITCF), Denkendorf and the Thüringisches Institut für Textil‐ und Kunststoff‐Forschung (TITK), Rudolstadt. The major targets of this project are the selection of appropriate IL‐systems, the IL recycling, rheology of spinning dopes and the charcterization of resulting fibre profiles. Essential results of this work and the potential for establishing a technical‐ scale process are summarized.
The German textile industry is challenged by the introduction of new governmental regulations in the field of textile wastewater treatment This causes a large increase of water costs in comparison with other European countries. Many economic experts even see Germany seriously endangered as a place of textile production, however there are also opportunities with the development of high performance cleaning technologies as a result of these governmental measures. In particular the required separate treatment of selected wastewaters of different fmishing processes bas some good perspectives since specialized wastewater techniques can be applied efficiently. For instance the separation of unfixed reactive dyes is the ideal basis for ozone oxidation. Ozonation being a sludge-free method to decompose dyestuff, fmishing products, and other organic materials is of increasing importance because of the limited space for disposal of sludges. Other advantages of ozone treatment are the improvement of biodegradability, reduction of aromatic and halogenated organic compounds and also a significant decrease of chemical oxygen demand. The ozonation of textile wastewaters in combination with inexpensive biological processes has the potential to play a major role in the future. Partial replacement of coagulation/precipitation can be expected.
Chitin and its deacetylated derivative, chitosan, are nontoxic, antibacterial, biodegradable, and biocompatible biopolymers. Due to these properties, they are widely used for biomedical applications such as scaffolds for tissue engineering, wound dressings, separation membranes and antibacterial coatings. Unfortunately, there is still a lack of suitable solvent systems for the direct processing of chitin, e.g., into films and coatings. Such solvents must be nontoxic, noncorrosive, nondegrading, and allow for high chitin concentrations. Here, the potential of designed ionic liquids (IL) as solvents for chitin is outlined. Phosphonium‐ and imidazolium‐based ILs are synthesized, characterized and the influence of the cation on the solution process has been evaluated. It is shown that particularly imidazolium carboxylate‐based ILs are appropriate solvents for chitin and are suitable for the production of foils and coatings on both fabrics and foams.
The amount of textile dye migration from the textile and penetration into the skin is relevant when assessing the risk of textile dyes. In this paper, in vivo methods were developed using a harmless textile dye with a strong fluorescence and were then compared with in vitro methods. For the in vivo method, the textile was applied to the lower back of six volunteers wearing the textile 12 h and to the lower back of 12 volunteers during 30 min active sport. The maximum skin absorption of 55 +/- 17 ng/cm(2) was obtained in the group engaged in sports. The in vitro methods, which involved the application of the textile to the pig ear skin, was shown to yield similar results to the 12 h in vivo group (31.2 +/- 9.6 ng/cm(2) vs 27 +/- 14 ng/cm(2)). The migration of the textiles into artificial sweat resulted in approximately 20 microg/cm(2). The disadvantage of such textile extract applications on pig ear skin is discussed. It could be demonstrated that the absorption of the dye is strongly correlated to the amount of sweat, whereas the contact time was less important.
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