Thin slices of human tissues are characterized concerning reflection and transmission in a wavelength range from 400 to 1700 nm. The results are primarily useful to find a wavelength for the detection of subjacent blood vessels during surgical procedures, especially neurological surgery. The measurements have been conducted using a customized measuring station, utilizing two halogen bulb lamps and two spectrometers. This paper focuses on creating a data base with the optical properties of artery, brain, bone, nasal mucosa, and nerve. The spectral distributions are compared among each other, similarities and differences are pointed out. Each tissue has got unique spectral characteristics, whereas typical absorption bands can be found in the overall tissues, especially hemoglobin and water absorption bands. The reflectivity maxima are typically located in the red or near-infrared. All the transmission maxima are located between 1075 nm and 1100 nm. The measurements have been conducted at the Institute of Anatomy at the University of Leipzig.
Optical fibers are used in various applications, e. g. optical communication, material processing, as a laser medium or to generate efficient supercontinua. For most of these applications the knowledge of the dispersion is an essential prerequisite. The dispersion and modal properties of photonic crystal fibers (PCF) strongly depend on the hole diameter and pitch. Since fabrication tolerances affect the structure of the photonic lattice, the dispersion behavior as well as the number of guided transverse modes can differ from numerical calculations. Dispersion measurement of singlemode photonic crystal fibers has been well described in recent papers. However, the determination of dispersion in the presence of higher-order modes is much more difficult.To measure the dispersion of optical fibers with high accuracy, a time-domain white-light interferometer based on a Mach-Zehnder interferometer is presented. The experimental setup allows to determine the wavelengthdependent differential group delay of light travelling through conventional fibers and PCFs within the wavelength range from VIS to NIR. Interferences appear due to superposition of two laser beams, one propagating through the tested fiber and the other travelling through air. Measuring the different group delays of a step-index fiber shows the sufficient accuracy of the interferometer. This paper demonstrates a simple yet effective way to suppress higher-order modes, making it possible to measure the chromatic dispersion of singlemode as well as multimode fibers.
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