Switching to a glycolytic metabolism is a rapid adaptation of tumor cells to hypoxia. Although this metabolic conversion may primarily represent a rescue pathway to meet the bioenergetic and biosynthetic demands of proliferating tumor cells, it also creates a gradient of lactate that mirrors the gradient of oxygen in tumors. More than a metabolic waste, the lactate anion is known to participate to cancer aggressiveness, in part through activation of the hypoxia-inducible factor-1 (HIF-1) pathway in tumor cells. Whether lactate may also directly favor HIF-1 activation in endothelial cells (ECs) thereby offering a new druggable option to block angiogenesis is however an unanswered question. In this study, we therefore focused on the role in ECs of monocarboxylate transporter 1 (MCT1) that we previously identified to be the main facilitator of lactate uptake in cancer cells. We found that blockade of lactate influx into ECs led to inhibition of HIF-1-dependent angiogenesis. Our demonstration is based on the unprecedented characterization of lactate-induced HIF-1 activation in normoxic ECs and the consecutive increase in vascular endothelial growth factor receptor 2 (VEGFR2) and basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF) expression. Furthermore, using a variety of functional assays including endothelial cell migration and tubulogenesis together with in vivo imaging of tumor angiogenesis through intravital microscopy and immunohistochemistry, we documented that MCT1 blockers could act as bona fide HIF-1 inhibitors leading to anti-angiogenic effects. Together with the previous demonstration of MCT1 being a key regulator of lactate exchange between tumor cells, the current study identifies MCT1 inhibition as a therapeutic modality combining antimetabolic and anti-angiogenic activities.

Background-The therapeutic effects of nonspecific ␤-blockers are limited by vasoconstriction, thus justifying the interest in molecules with ancillary vasodilating properties. Nebivolol is a selective ␤ 1 -adrenoreceptor antagonist that releases nitric oxide (NO) through incompletely characterized mechanisms. We identified endothelial ␤ 3 -adrenoreceptors in human coronary microarteries that mediate endothelium-and NO-dependent relaxation and hypothesized that nebivolol activates these ␤ 3 -adrenoreceptors. Methods and Results-Nebivolol dose-dependently relaxed rodent coronary resistance microarteries studied by videomicroscopy (10 mol/L, Ϫ86Ϯ6% of prostaglandin F2␣ contraction); this was sensitive to NO synthase (NOS) inhibition, unaffected by the ␤ 1-2 -blocker nadolol, and prevented by the ␤ 1-2-3 -blocker bupranolol (PϽ0.05; nϭ3 to 8). Importantly, nebivolol failed to relax microarteries from ␤ 3 -adrenoreceptor-deficient mice. Nebivolol (10 mol/L) also relaxed human coronary microvessels (Ϫ71Ϯ5% of KCl contraction); this was dependent on a functional endothelium and NO synthase but insensitive to ␤ 1-2 -blockade (all PϽ0.05). In a mouse aortic ring assay of neoangiogenesis, nebivolol induced neocapillary tube formation in rings from wild-type but not ␤ 3 -adrenoreceptor-or endothelial NOS-deficient mice. In cultured endothelial cells, 10 mol/L nebivolol increased NO release by 200% as measured by electron paramagnetic spin trapping, which was also reversed by NOS inhibition. In parallel, endothelial NOS was dephosphorylated on threonine 495 , and fura-2 calcium fluorescence increased by 91.8Ϯ23.7%; this effect was unaffected by ␤ 1-2 -blockade but abrogated by ␤ 1-2-3 -blockade (all PϽ0.05). Conclusions-Nebivolol dilates human and rodent coronary resistance microarteries through an agonist effect on endothelial ␤ 3 -adrenoreceptors to release NO and promote neoangiogenesis. These properties may prove particularly beneficial for the treatment of ischemic and cardiac failure diseases through preservation of coronary reserve.

Abstract-When neovascularization is triggered in ischemic tissues, angiogenesis but also (postnatal) vasculogenesis is induced, the latter requiring the mobilization of endothelial progenitor cells (EPC) from the bone marrow. Caveolin, the structural protein of caveolae, was recently reported to directly influence the angiogenic process through the regulation of the vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF)/nitric oxide pathway. In this study, using caveolin-1 null mice (Cav Ϫ/Ϫ ), we examined whether caveolin was also involved in the EPC recruitment in a model of ischemic hindlimb. Intravenous infusion of Sca-1 ϩ Lin Ϫ progenitor cells, but not bone marrow transplantation, rescued the defective neovascularization in Cav Ϫ/Ϫ mice, suggesting a defect in progenitor mobilization. The adhesion of Cav Ϫ/Ϫ EPC to bone marrow stromal cells indeed appeared to be resistant to the otherwise mobilizing SDF-1 (Stromal cell-Derived Factor-1) exposure because of a defect in the internalization of the SDF-1 cognate receptor CXCR4. Symmetrically, the attachment of Cav Ϫ/Ϫ EPC to SDF-1-presenting endothelial cells was significantly increased. Finally, EPC transduction with caveolin small interfering RNA reproduced this advantage in vitro and, importantly, led to a more extensive rescue of the ischemic hindlimb after intravenous infusion (versus sham-transfected EPC). These results underline the critical role of caveolin in ensuring the caveolae-mediated endocytosis of CXCR4, regulating both the SDF-1-mediated mobilization and peripheral homing of progenitor cells in response to ischemia. In particular, a transient reduction in caveolin expression was shown to therapeutically increase the engraftment of progenitor cells.

No abstract

Formulating poorly water soluble drugs using ordered mesoporous silica materials is an emerging approach to tackle solubility-related bioavailability problems. The current study was conducted to assess the bioavailability-enhancing potential of ordered mesoporous silica in man. In this open-label, randomized, two-way cross-over study, 12 overnight fasted healthy volunteers received a single dose of fenofibrate formulated with ordered mesoporous silica or a marketed product based on micronized fenofibrate. Plasma concentrations of fenofibric acid, the pharmacologically active metabolite of fenofibrate, were monitored up to 96h post-dose. The rate (C/dose increased by 77%; t reduced by 0.75h) and extent of absorption (AUC/dose increased by 54%) of fenofibrate were significantly enhanced following administration of the ordered mesoporous silica based formulation. The results of this study serve as a proof of concept in man for this novel formulation approach.

In the normal microvasculature, caveolin-1, the structural protein of caveolae, modulates transcytosis and paracellular permeability. Here, we used caveolin-1-deficient mice (Cav

Among matrix metalloproteinases (MMP), MMP-19 displays unique structural features and tissue distribution. In contrast to most MMPs, MMP-19 is expressed in normal human epidermis and down-regulated during malignant transformation and dedifferentiation. The contribution of MMP-19 during tumor angiogenesis is presently unknown. In an attempt to give new insights into MMP-19 in vivo functions, angiogenic response of mutant mice lacking MMP-19 was analyzed after transplantation of murine malignant PDVA keratinocytes and after injection of Matrigel supplemented with basic fibroblast growth factor. In situ hybridization and immunohistochemical analysis revealed that MMP-19 is produced by host mesenchymal cells but not by endothelial capillary cells or CD11b-positive inflammatory cells. Based on a new computer-assisted method of quantification, we provide evidence that host MMP-19 deficiency was associated with an increased early angiogenic response. In addition, increased tumor invasion was observed in MMP-19À/À mice. We conclude that, in contrast to most MMPs that promote tumor progression, MMP-19 is a negative regulator of early steps of tumor angiogenesis and invasion. These data highlight the requirement to understand the individual functions of each MMP to improve anticancer strategies. (Cancer Res 2006; 66(10): 5234-41)

Purpose: The biological status of nitrite recently evolved from an inactive end product of nitric oxide catabolism to the largest intravascular and tissue storage of nitric oxide (NO). Although low partial O 2 pressure favors enzymatic reconversion of nitrite into NO, low pH supports a nonenzymatic pathway. Because hypoxia and acidity are characteristics of the tumor microenvironment, we examined whether nitrite injection could preferentially lead to NO production in tumors and influence response to treatments. Experimental Design: The effects of nitrite were evaluated on arteriole vasorelaxation, tumor cell respiration and tumor blood flow, oxygenation, and response to radiotherapy. Results: We first showed that a small drop in pH (-0.6 pH unit) favored the production of bioactive NO from nitrite by documenting a higher cyclic guanosine 3 ¶,5 ¶-monophosphated ependent arteriole vasorelaxation. We then documented that an i.v. bolus injection of nitrite to tumor-bearing mice led to a transient increase in partial O 2 pressure in tumor but not in healthy tissues. Blood flow measurements failed to reveal an effect of nitrite on tumor perfusion, but we found that O 2 consumption by nitrite-exposed tumor cells was decreased at acidic pH. Finally, we showed that low dose of nitrite could sensitize tumors to radiotherapy, leading to a significant growth delay and an increase in mouse survival (versus irradiation alone). Conclusions: This study identified low pH condition (encountered in many tumors) as an exquisite environment that favors tumor-selective production of NO in response to nitrite systemic injection.This work opens new perspectives for the use of nitrite as a safe and clinically applicable radiosensitizing modality.