Carnosic acid (salvin), which possesses antioxidative and antimicrobial properties, is increasingly exploited within the food, nutritional health and cosmetics industries. Since its first extraction from a Salvia species (∼70 years ago) and its identification (∼50 years ago), numerous articles and patents (∼400) have been published on specific food and medicinal applications of Rosmarinus and Salvia plant extracts abundant in carnosic acid. In contrast, relevant biochemical, physiological or molecular studies in planta have remained rare. In this overview, recent advances in understanding of carnosic acid distribution, biosynthesis, accumulation and role in planta, and its applications are summarised. We also discuss the deficiencies in our understanding of the relevant biochemical processes, and suggest the molecular targets of carnosic acid. Finally, future perspectives and studies related to its potential roles are highlighted.

This study aims at total valorization of fruit and vegetable by-products, moving towards developing an original concept of “dry” bio-refinery (DBR).

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in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com).The extraction of 15 aroma compounds from a highly diluted aqueous feed with hollow fiber membrane contactors was investigated. Membrane-Based Solvent Extraction (MBSE) and Membrane Air-Stripping (MAS) were tested with the aqueous feed crossflowing on the shell side and the stripping phase flowing in the lumen of the hollow fiber. Experimental results showed that globally, MBSE offered higher overall mass transfer coefficients than MAS. This difference was mainly explained by the gap in partition coefficients. Hexane-water partition coefficients were about 10,000 times higher than air-water partition coefficients. The contribution of each local resistance to mass transfer was identified by a resistance-in-series model. Mass transfer in the aqueous feed boundary layer is the limiting step in MBSE, while mass transfer in the stripping gas boundary layer is the limiting step in MAS. A diagnostic tool based on partition coefficients was developed in order to help choose the adequate process for the extraction of an aroma compound.