Due to the exponential growth of the number of subjects affected by coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), the entire Italian health care system had to respond promptly and in a very short time with the need of semi-intensive and intensive care units. Moreover, trained dedicated COVID-19 teams consisting of physicians were coming from different specialties (intensivists or pneumologists and infectiologists), while respiratory therapists and nurses have been recruited to work on and on without rest. However, due to still limited and evolving knowledge of COVID-19, there are few recommendations concerning the need in respiratory rehabilitation and physiotherapy interventions. The presentation of this paper is the result of a consensus promoted by the Italian societies of respiratory health care professionals who Vitacca et al.

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There is a need of consensus about the pulmonary rehabilitation (PR) in patients with COVID-19 after discharge from acute care. To facilitate the knowledge of the evidence and its translation into practice, we developed suggestions based on experts’ opinion. A steering committee identified areas and questions sent to experts. Other international experts participated to a RAND Delphi method in reaching consensus and proposing further suggestions. Strong agreement in suggestions was defined when the mean agreement was >7 (1 = no agreement and 9 = maximal agreement). Panelists response rate was >95%. Twenty-three questions from 4 areas: Personnel protection equipment, phenotypes, assessments, interventions, were identified and experts answered with 121 suggestions, 119 of which received high level of concordance. The evidence-based suggestions provide the clinicians with current evidence and clinical experts opinion. This framework can be used to facilitate clinical decision making within the context of the individual patient. Further studies will evaluate the clinical usefulness of these suggestions.

COPD is a chronic pathological condition of the respiratory system characterized by persistent and partially reversible airflow obstruction, to which variably contribute remodeling of bronchi (chronic bronchitis), bronchioles (small airway disease) and lung parenchyma (pulmonary emphysema). COPD can cause important systemic effects and be associated with complications and comorbidities. The diagnosis of COPD is based on the presence of respiratory symptoms and/or a history of exposure to risk factors, and the demonstration of airflow obstruction by spirometry. GARD of WHO has defined COPD "a preventable and treatable disease". The integration among general practitioner, chest physician as well as other specialists, whenever required, assures the best management of the COPD person, when specific targets to be achieved are well defined in a diagnostic and therapeutic route, previously designed and shared with appropriateness. The first-line pharmacologic treatment of COPD is represented by inhaled long-acting bronchodilators. In symptomatic patients, with pre-bronchodilator FEV1 < 60% predicted and ≥ 2 exacerbations/year, ICS may be added to LABA. The use of fixed-dose, single-inhaler combination may improve the adherence to treatment. Long term oxygen therapy (LTOT) is indicated in stable patients, at rest while receiving the best possible treatment, and exhibiting a PaO 2 ≤ 55 mmHg (SO 2 < 88%) or PaO 2 values between 56 and 59 mmHg (SO 2 < 89%) associated with pulmonary arterial hypertension, cor pulmonale, or edema of the lower limbs or hematocrit > 55%. Respiratory rehabilitation is addressed to patients with chronic respiratory disease in all stages of severity who report symptoms and limitation of their daily activity. It must be integrated in an individual patient tailored treatment as it improves dyspnea, exercise performance, and quality of life. Acute exacerbation of COPD is a sudden worsening of usual symptoms in a person with COPD, over and beyond normal daily variability that requires treatment modification. The pharmacologic therapy can be applied at home and includes the administration of drugs used during the stable phase by increasing the dose or modifying the route, and adding, whenever required, drugs as antibiotics or systemic corticosteroids. In case of patients who because of COPD severity and/or of exacerbations do not respond promptly to (Continued on next page)

Aims: To explore the trend in prescribing of drugs classified within the R03 therapeutic pharmacological subgroup (drugs for obstructive airway diseases) of the Anatomical Therapeutic Chemical (ATC) classification. Conclusions: Our data indicate that adherence to guidelines is still low. Patients with asthma and COPD are undertreated by Italian GPs, with a trend to a change in COPD prescribing likely driven by new scientific information.

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BackgroundChronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) is characterized by respiratory and extrarespiratory components referring both to systemic complications of COPD, like skeletal muscle myopathy, weight loss and others, and frequently associated comorbidities, interesting various organs and systems (cardiovascular diseases, malignancies, osteoporosis, diabetes, etc.). These comorbidities may increase the rate of hospitalization of COPD patients and have a huge effect on the outcomes of the respiratory disease. Inhalation therapy of COPD with bronchodilators and steroid is primary driven by airflow obstruction, symptoms like dyspnoea, and acute exacerbations. INDACO project has been developed in 2013 to assess the prevalence and type of comorbidities in COPD patients referred to the outpatient wards of some hospitals in Central and South Italy and a preliminary report has recently been published. In the present study, after widening that database, we evaluate the prevalence of comorbidities and the relationships between comorbidities and sex, age, symptoms, lung function and inhalation therapy in COPD patients.MethodsIn each enrolled patient, anthropometric and anamnestic data, smoking habits, respiratory function, GOLD (Global initiative for Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease) severity stage, Body Mass Index (BMI), number of acute COPD exacerbations in previous years, presence and type of comorbidities, and the Charlson Comorbidity Index (CCI) were recorded.ResultsWe collected data of 569 patients (395 males and 174 females, mean age 73 ± 8.5 yrs). The prevalence of patients with comorbidities was 81.2%. Overall number of comorbidities was not related to airflow obstruction and age, but to acute exacerbation of COPD, dyspnoea measured with MRC scale, and male gender. A subgroup analysis revealed that ischaemic heart disease was predominant in males, whereas mood disorders in females. The use of a more complex (multi-drug) inhalation therapy was related with bronchial obstruction measured by FEV1/FVC (p for trend = 0.003) and number of comorbidities (p for trend = 0.001). In multivariate analysis, only airflow obstruction and number of comorbidities were determinant of complexity of therapy, but not MRC and acute exacerbation of COPD. However, the statistical model reached an extreme low degree of significance (r^2 = 0.07).ConclusionsOur study showed a high prevalence of comorbidities in COPD, with some differences related to gender. Number of comorbidities and airflow obstruction represent the determinant of inhalation therapy prescription. Dyspnoea and acute exacerbation of COPD, unlikely suggested by guidelines, are not significant drivers of therapy in the real life setting of our study.