Anacardic acids (AAs) are alkyl phenols mainly presenting in cashew nuts. The antioxidant effects of these compounds have been an area of interest in recent research, with findings suggesting potential therapeutic use for certain diseases. Nevertheless, none of these studies were performed in order to test the hypothesis of whether anacardic acids are capable of preventing behavioral changes and oxidative stress induced by the pesticide rotenone in experimental model of Parkinson's disease. In our research, adult male rats were treated orally with AAs (1, 3, 10, 25, 50, or 100 mg/kg/day) 1 h before rotenone (3 mg/kg; s.c.) for five consecutive days. The behavioral testing strategies, including tests for general locomotor activity (open field), motor coordination (rotarod), and spatial memory performance (elevated T-maze), were carried out. Lipoperoxidation levels and total superoxide dismutase (t-SOD) activity, as well as cytoplasmic and mitochondrial SOD gene expression, were assessed in the substantia nigra (SN), striatum, and cerebral cortex. The results showed that AAs dose-dependently prevented the rotenone-induced learning and motor impairment from 10 mg/kg/day. AAs also precluded rotenone-induced lipoperoxidation in all doses, acting directly on the mitochondria, and improved the t-SOD activity in the doses 25-100 mg/kg/day. AAs per se (100 mg/kg/day) increased SOD gene expression and t-SOD activity. Our findings indicate that the oral administration of AAs prevents rotenone-induced behavioral changes and oxidative stress, in part due to a modulatory action on the mitochondria and SOD gene expression. These data suggest that AAs have promising neuroprotective action against degenerative changes in Parkinson's disease.
RESUMOAs plantas medicinais têm ampla gama de aplicações, devido às suas potenciais atividades biológicas, com um ou mais princípios ativos relevantes para a saúde humana. Este fato torna-se preocupante a partir do momento que há um aumento crescente na comercialização das mesmas, pois, determinados tipos de ervas, de composições químicas e propriedades farmacológica diferentes são muitas vezes comercializados com nomes populares idênticos, como é o caso do alecrim, que designa várias espécies de plantas medicinais. Portanto, este estudo teve como objetivo realizar a extração e análise comparativa da composição química do óleo essencial de uma amostra comercial, que não descreve sua identificação botânica e uma amostra in natura, sendo ambas reconhecidas pelo nome de alecrim. Foram observadas diferenças significativas entre a composição química das amostras, confirmando a importância de um maior detalhamento quanto a sua classificação botânica e constituição química na descrição das plantas medicinais comercializadas e utilizadas pela população, a fim de evitar a utilização indevida desta fonte natural, uma vez que as propriedades farmacológicas atribuidas a cada espécie estão intimimamente relacionada com a sua composição química. PALAVRAS-CHAVE: Lippia sidoides, Rosmarinus officinalis, óleo essencial e Alecrim COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF THE CHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF VOLATILE SAMPLES OF ROSEMARY IN NATURE WITH COMMERCIALLY AVAILABLE ABSTRACTMedicinal plants have a wide range of applications due to their potential biological activities, with many active principles that are relevant to human health. This is a fact that has been becoming of concern due to the increasing in the commercialization of such plants, since certain types of herbs, of different chemical compositions and pharmacological properties are often marketed with identical popular names. We can cite rosemary, which designate several species of medicinal plants. Therefore, this study aimed to perform an extraction followed by a comparative analysis between the chemical composition of the essential oil present in a commercial sample (with a non-specified botanical identification) and a sample in nature, both recognized as being rosemary. Significant differences between the chemical composition of the samples were observed, confirming the significance of providing further details as to its botanical classification and chemical constitution, when describing medicinal plants commercialized and used by the population. This is especially important to avoid misuse of this natural source, since the pharmacological properties attributed to each species are closely related to its chemical composition.
Carvacrol and trans-β-caryophyllene are widely found several medicinal plants, being assigned to these compounds various pharmacological properties. Therefore, this work presents a validation method for these compounds in the species of Lippia sidoides and Rosmarinus officinalis and a copaiba oil sample available in popular trade in Fortaleza. Thus, essential oil samples were diluted and analyzed in a gas chromatograph with mass spectrometric detector (GC-MS). Validation parameters showed satisfactory values, such as linearity, lower limit of detection and quantitation, reproducibility at different days (inter-day) considerable analysis and recovery values. Of the compounds studied, the Lippia sidoides species presented a percentage of 32.01 of carvacrol and 1.78 of trans-β-caryophyllene, respectively. To R. officinales found a percentage of 0.28 and 0.34 respectively for carvacrol and trans-β-caryophyllene. For oil copaiba not logged carvacrol, however, the trans-β-caryophyllene, was present in amount of, 74.5%. With the results, the method can be considered as a useful analytical tool for quality control of trans-β-caryophyllene and carvacrol and the derivatives in the essential oils.
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