The ACE increased the peak temperature after deactivation when applied against thick tissue (liver), and the other instruments inconsistently increased peak temperatures after they were turned off, requiring few seconds to cool down. Moreover, the ACE generated very high temperatures (234.5 degrees C) that could harm adjacent tissue or the surgeon's hand on contact immediately after deactivation. With judicious use, burn injury from these instruments can be prevented during laparoscopic procedures. Because of the high temperatures generated by the ACE device, particular care should be taken when it is used during laparoscopy.
Cardiac tissue responds to long-term hemodynamic load through initiation of a hypertrophic remodeling program. Importantly, if not counteracted this response will eventually lead to organ failure. Cardiac hypertrophic adaptations are complex, and involve multiple cellular events and the mechanisms underlying the development of cardiac hypertrophy are not well understood. Mitochondrial dysfunction has been indicated as a potential and important player in the development of cardiac hypertrophy. Additionally, substantial evidence shows that a significant portion of mitochondrial processes, necessary for normal cardiomyocyte physiology, are impacted by these hypertrophic changes. In this chapter, we will present and discuss the adaptations and changes in the mitochondrial electron transport system, mitochondrial metabolism, mitochondrial biogenesis, oxidative stress, the opening of the mitochondrial permeability transition pore following hypertrophic stimuli, as well as, review the various drugs (targeting mitochondria) that can be used in treatment of cardiac hypertrophy.
Background: Cardiac hypertrophy involves marked wall thickening or chamber enlargement. If sustained, this condition will lead to dysfunctional mitochondria and oxidative stress. Mitochondria have ATP-sensitive K+ channels (mitoKATP) in the inner membrane that modulate the redox status of the cell. Objective: We investigated the in vivo effects of mitoKATP opening on oxidative stress in isoproterenol- induced cardiac hypertrophy. Methods: Cardiac hypertrophy was induced in Swiss mice treated intraperitoneally with isoproterenol (ISO - 30 mg/kg/day) for 8 days. From day 4, diazoxide (DZX - 5 mg/kg/day) was used in order to open mitoKATP (a clinically relevant therapy scheme) and 5-hydroxydecanoate (5HD - 5 mg/kg/day) or glibenclamide (GLI - 3 mg/kg/day) were used as mitoKATP blockers. Results: Isoproterenol-treated mice had elevated heart weight/tibia length ratios (HW/TL). Additionally, hypertrophic hearts had elevated levels of carbonylated proteins and Thiobarbituric Acid Reactive Substances (TBARS), markers of protein and lipid oxidation. In contrast, mitoKATP opening with DZX avoided ISO effects on gross hypertrophic markers (HW/TL), carbonylated proteins and TBARS, in a manner reversed by 5HD and GLI. Moreover, DZX improved mitochondrial superoxide dismutase activity. This effect was also blocked by 5HD and GLI. Additionally, ex vivo treatment of isoproterenol- induced hypertrophic cardiac tissue with DZX decreased H2O2 production in a manner sensitive to 5HD, indicating that this drug also acutely avoids oxidative stress. Conclusion: Our results suggest that diazoxide blocks oxidative stress and reverses cardiac hypertrophy. This pharmacological intervention could be a potential therapeutic strategy to prevent oxidative stress associated with cardiac hypertrophy.
RESUMOO uso de pesticidas nas culturas de plantio tem aumentado excessivamente nos últimos anos, causando graves prejuízos aos organismos vivos diretamente atingidos, bem como, seres não-alvos. A utilização desses produtos nas áreas onde as abelhas exercem suas atividades como agentes polinizadores causa interferências significantes na sua produtividade. A revisão sistemática estabelece um estilo de pesquisa a qual as atividades estão relacionadas ao tratamento de dados com embasamento científico, oriundo de publicações com referências importantes, sucessivamente, a construção de uma tabela que reúne uma generalização quantitativa das principais ideias obtidas na leitura e análise. O principal objetivo do levantamento bibliográfico realizado foi identificar nas pesquisas mais recentes os estudos a respeito dos efeitos da utilização dos pesticidas nas abelhas Palavras-chave: Polinizadores, neonicotinóides, pesticidas, abelhas. ABCTRACTPesticide use in plantation crops has increased excessively in recent years, causing serious damage to living organisms directly affected as well as non-target beings. The use of these products in areas where bees perform their activities as pollinating agents causes significant interference in their productivity. The systematic review establishes a research style in which the activities are related to the treatment of scientifically based data, coming from publications with important references, successively, the construction of a table that gathers a quantitative generalization of the main ideas obtained in reading and analysis. The main objective of the bibliographic survey was to identify in the most recent research studies about the effects of pesticide use on honey bees. It was conducted in two scientific databases: Scielo and Scopus, using two descriptors for limitation of articles: pesticides and honeybees, applied two filters to choose the journals: time and area, from 2018 to 2019, in the study area environmental sciences. With the construction of the table it was possible to verify that the clotianidine pesticide has greater recurrence in the analyzed studies, being the most harmful to nontarget beings, totaling 11 studies reporting its negative effects, following tiametoxam in 8 studies, chlorpyrifos and imidacloprid presented. in 5 studies. The data show the growing interest in analyzing the effects of pesticides on indirectly affected beings.
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