The percutaneous nephrolithotomy stone-free rate can be predicted using preclinical data and radiological information. We present a nephrolithometric nomogram for percutaneous nephrolithotomy.

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Objective: To assess perioperative outcomes of percutaneous nephrolithotomy (PCNL) using ultrasound or fluoroscopic guidance for percutaneous access. Methods: A prospectively collected international Clinical Research Office of the Endourological Society (CROES) database containing 5806 patients treated with PCNL was used for the study. Patients were divided into two groups based on the methods of percutaneous access: ultrasound versus fluoroscopy. Patient characteristics, operative data, and postoperative outcomes were compared.

Percutaneous nephrolithotomy (PCNL) is considered to be the first line of treatment for large renal stones. Though PCNL comes with higher morbidity, its efficacy is unbeaten by other minimally invasive modalities. However, potential complications, such as bleeding, occur. Improved skills and modifications of the procedure may reduce the probability of adverse outcomes. This article discusses the current trends and standards in PCNL technique with special focus on all important steps as positioning, access, instruments, dilation, disintegration, and exit, including outcomes, complication management, and training modalities.

Percutaneous nephrolithotripsy (PNL) is actually the first therapeutic option to resolve complex renal stones. Our department initiated its experience in 1985 and treated the first 585 patients in ventral decubitus, as the original technique was described. Then, in 1998, the dorsal decubitus was adopted (Valdivia Uria), in which 695 patients were treated. Since 2006 the Valdivia Galdakao variant has been used. The Valdivia Galdakao position is an intermediate dorsal decubitus with extension of its homolateral lower limb and flexion of the contralateral. It is a practical way to place the patient for percutaneous renal surgery, avoiding hyperextensions and hyperflexions that can result in articular damage. It preserves cardiovascular and ventilatory dynamics and allows a better access to the respiratory tract. In this position, the bowel slips away from the puncture area lowering the risk of its damage. A single lumbar and genital sterile surgical field is created allowing antegrade and retrograde simultaneous endoscopic and even laparoscopic access, increasing efficiency and safety of the minimal invasive procedures. Between April 2006 and March 2008, 175 PNLs were performed in our department with the patient in Valdivia Galdakao position. The aim of this article is to describe our experience in this decubitus confirming that the Valdivia Galdakao is a safe, practical and versatile position that should be considered as first choice when a percutaneous renal surgery is indicated.

This is the first study confirming in a global population that URS can effectively and safely be performed in a population with high comorbidity. The risk of a complication was highest among elderly patients presenting with comorbidities.

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