The physical limnology of a shallow pond system was characterized using field measurements of water temperature, pH, and electrical conductivity (EC). We determined the spatial variability in surface and groundwater temperature, pH, and EC along the pond’s shore and along the several pond-shore transects, analyzed the water column temperature gradient and estimated the groundwater discharge rate using a heat transfer model. The fieldwork was conducted in Santa Olalla and Dulce ponds located in Doñana National Park in southwestern Spain during different stages from 2016 to 2018. The results of this study have improved the understanding of the thermal structure and the surface–subsurface heat exchange in the ponds and highlighted the importance of groundwater discharge in the pond water balance. It also showed the heterogeneous nature of groundwater discharge through the bottom sediments of the Santa Olalla pond. These results are consistent with previous studies and strengthen the existing hydrological and limnological knowledge of these ponds located in the protected area which is receiving a great deal of public attention.
Abstract. The foreland relief of alpine orogenic belts is often rejuvenated due to the intraplate propagation of orogenic deformation. Thus, in these long-lived areas, the localisation of relief rejuvenation may be largely
controlled by the reactivation of previous mechanical discontinuities. In
this regard, we explored the relationship between the relief rejuvenation
pattern and the distribution, geometry, and kinematics of faults in a wide
segment of the Betic foreland (Sierra Morena, southern Spain). Specifically, we focused on the forebulge, a WSW–ENE flexural relief that
formed, paired to the Betic foreland basin, in response to orogenic load.
For this purpose, we applied both qualitative and quantitative
geomorphological tools, including geomorphic indices and knickpoint pattern
modelling in χ space. We found that the pattern of relief rejuvenation
responds to large-scale flexural uplift coupled with the tectonic activity
of two groups of faults that often show evidence of reactivation, namely overall WSW–ENE faults contributing to both regional NNW–SSE relief segmentation and vertical extrusion of the forebulge, and NW–SE reverse faults associated with an outstanding WSW–ENE topographic segmentation in the west of the study area. In addition, our knickpoint modelling suggests that the faults related to the southernmost Sierra Morena mountain front have been particularly active in recent times, although their activity span and the relative uplift that they accommodate differ along the Sierra
Morena/foreland basin limit. The knickpoint pattern also suggests a
significant reorganisation of the analysed drainage basins. The strain
partitioning accommodated by the structures involved in relief rejuvenation
suggests the intraplate propagation of the transpressional deformation
reported from the Betic external fold and thrust belt.
Abstract:We have modeled groundwater inputs to Santa Olalla pond, the only permanent pond of Doñana Biological Reserve (Andalusia, Southern Spain) by means of the application of a thermal modelling methodology. During the study period (February-May 2017) a chain of thermistors obtained hourly temperature data from the surface water and the groundwater in the sediment below. In addition, water level in the pond and in the aquifer near the shores was also monitored at similar time rates. Results showed that a net groundwater discharge occurs heterogeneously through the pond's bed. The comparison of these outcomes with previous studies made in the pond, such as hydrological water balances, is coherent and strengthens the existing hydrological knowledge of this water body. Finally, it has been detected that the pond is strongly influenced by the alterations of the sand aquifer, even if such alterations are produced away from the pond and at high depths. The effects of groundwater extractions for urban supply of a nearby coastal resort are immediately affecting the evolution of the water level, although this effect is not necessarily translated to water level depletion.
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