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PurposeProfessionals and academics need to know what human resource practices are necessary in this Industry 4.0 environment and digital revolution. This research studies some human resource practices in the digital age that favor the implementation of digital transformation. The authors’ arguments suggest that for personnel to be a key asset in digital transformation processes, a strategic alignment is necessary to drive the company toward these objectives.Design/methodology/approachThe hypotheses were tested in a representative sample of 184 manufacturing companies with ten or more employees located in the southeast of Spain, using partial least squares.FindingsThe authors’ findings show that human resource practices partially mediate the relationship between strategic alignment and digital transformation. Based on the contingent approach, the authors also maintain that the company must implement human resource practices that encourage employee behaviors that are consistent with the organization's strategy. This strategic alignment and these human resource practices enable companies to achieve digital transformation in search of superior performance.Research limitations/implicationsLongitudinal and multilevel studies could increase the strength of the research, which could also include companies from other sectors. Although the technology component is fundamental in digital transformation processes, human capital management is even more important. This research highlights the mediating role of human resource management, where practices such as teleworking, teamwork and employee engagement are essential to foster innovative behavior and implement the digital transformation process.Practical implicationsIn the new digital environment, companies must adopt a set of human resource practices that favor innovative employee behavior that helps digitally transform their businesses.Originality/valueTo the best of authors’ knowledge, this empirical study has not been previously carried out. The theoretical model and hypothesis testing provide strategic value for understanding some of the determinants of digital transformation in relation to human resource management.

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This paper applies time series analysis to study how the gap between a number of countries and the USA evolves through time. As other authors, it is found that time series analysis provides a better insight into the concept of convergence than the cross sectional one. The econometric results show that the stochastic behaviour of the output disparity varies considerably: neither the steady-state equilibrium nor the speed of convergence are unique and constant across countries and time. In general, there is catching up for European countries, convergence for East and South Asian countries, and neither of them for Latin American countries.