Agriculture first reached the Iberian Peninsula around 5700 BCE. However, little is known about the genetic structure and changes of prehistoric populations in different geographic areas of Iberia. In our study, we focus on the maternal genetic makeup of the Neolithic (~ 5500–3000 BCE), Chalcolithic (~ 3000–2200 BCE) and Early Bronze Age (~ 2200–1500 BCE). We report ancient mitochondrial DNA results of 213 individuals (151 HVS-I sequences) from the northeast, central, southeast and southwest regions and thus on the largest archaeogenetic dataset from the Peninsula to date. Similar to other parts of Europe, we observe a discontinuity between hunter-gatherers and the first farmers of the Neolithic. During the subsequent periods, we detect regional continuity of Early Neolithic lineages across Iberia, however the genetic contribution of hunter-gatherers is generally higher than in other parts of Europe and varies regionally. In contrast to ancient DNA findings from Central Europe, we do not observe a major turnover in the mtDNA record of the Iberian Late Chalcolithic and Early Bronze Age, suggesting that the population history of the Iberian Peninsula is distinct in character.

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A central composite design was used to investigate the influence of the cooking conditions (time, temperature and acid concentration) for wheat straw with organic acid-water mixtures on the properties of the pulp obtained (yield and holocellulose, -cellulose and lignin contents). A second-order polynomial model, consisting of three independent process variables, was found to accurately describe the organosolv pulping of wheat straw. The equations derived predict the yield, the holocellulose, -cellulose and lignin contents of the pulp with multiple-/?, R 2 and adjusted-/? 2 high values. The process variables must be set low in order to ensure a high yield. Conversely, if high holocellulose and -cellulose contents and low lignin contents are desired, then a long cooking time (120min), an intermedia temperature (100°C), and a low formic acid concentration (50%) must be used.

RESUMENEl empleo de la cal en labores constructivas durante la Prehistoria reciente en la cuenca mediterránea constituye una de las cuestiones más relevantes del proceso investigador en las últimas décadas. Las dificultades para determinar con fiabilidad la presencia de cal antrópica entre los materiales constructivos procedentes de contextos arqueológicos se han puesto de manifiesto en diversos estudios. Es de gran importancia identificar este producto pirotecnológico en las construcciones prehistóricas, diferenciándolo del carbonato cálcico natural, dadas las implicaciones sociales y medioambientales que suponen su producción y empleo. La aplicación de un amplio protocolo de análisis a un conjunto de muestras procedentes de diversos asentamientos del VI al II milenio cal BC del Levante de la península Ibérica, ha posibilitado abordar dicho problema y proponer la posibilidad del empleo de la cal desde momentos avanzados del III milenio cal BC y, con mayor seguridad, desde el II milenio cal BC.Palabras clave: cal; pirotecnología; protocolo experimental; desarrollo social; Levante peninsular. AbStRActThe uses of lime in building tasks in the Late Prehistory along the Mediterranean area, constitutes one of the most relevant questions in the research process in the last decades. The important difficulties to determine with reliability the presence of anthropic lime among the building materials obtained from the archeological places is been commented in different studies. To identify this pyrotechnological product in the prehistoric constructions, distinguishing it from natural lime, is really important due to the social and environmental implications that its uses and production involve. The application of an ample analysis protocol to several samples coming from different human settlements of the VI to II millennium cal BC in the East of the Iberian peninsula, allow us to suggest the use of lime from early stages of the III millennium cal BC, and with more certainty, from II millennium cal BC.