PPOS for patella fractures was associated with shorter surgical time, less pain, better mobility angles, higher functional score up to 2 years, and a lower incidence of complications than open surgery.
Background: There is limited knowledge about the breeding strategies of birds inhabiting in South American temperate forests. This is particularly true for open-cup forest passerines breeding at high latitudes (> 42°). To better understand the ecology of these species, in this study we described and compared the breeding strategies (i.e., nest dimensions, nest height from the ground, egg laying rhythm, clutch size, length of the developmental periods, breeding phenology, and diversity of nesting substrate) of five passerine birds that inhabit sub-Antarctic ecosystems. Methods: During three breeding seasons (2014-2017), we monitored 103 nests of the five most abundant open-cup forest-dwelling passerines (Phrygilus patagonicus, Anairetes parulus, Turdus falcklandii, Elaenia albiceps, and Zonotrichia capensis) on Navarino Island (55°S), Cape Horn Biosphere Reserve, southern Chile. Additionally, we compared the breeding strategies of T. falcklandii to another population breeding at lower latitude (39°S). Results: Most of the species started laying eggs the last week of September; only E. albiceps started 2 months later. During the breeding season of 2016-2017 both E. albiceps and Z. capensis started laying eggs earlier than the previous year. Anairetes parulus and Z. capensis were the most specialized in terms of nesting substrate. Turdus falcklandii had larger clutch sizes and nested closer to the ground on Navarino Island compared to the northern population, which might put this and other ground nesting species of this island at a higher risk of predation by the recently introduced American mink (Neovison vison). Conclusions: Our five study species breed exclusively in open-cups (not in cavities) in sub-Antarctic forests, and some of them built their nests closer to the ground compared to populations breeding at lower latitudes. This may be associated with the lack of terrestrial predators on Navarino Island. Our study opens further questions about the mechanisms driving differences in breeding strategies among populations.
ResumenEl objetivo de este trabajo fue evaluar el perfil in vitro de nutrientes de bagazo de Agave salmiana (AS) y Agave weberi cela (AWC) como alternativa para la nutrición de los rumiantes. El bagazo se recogió en Jalpa, Zacatecas durante el año 2010. A partir de las muestras recogidas, se evaluó: materia seca (MS), cenizas, fibra cruda (FC), extracto etéreo (EE), proteína cruda (PC), carbono orgánico total (TOC), detergente neutro de fibra (DNF), y azúcares reductores totales (ART). Macro y microminerales se determinaron por espectroscopia de absorción atómica. Además, se utilizó una técnica de producción de gas in vitro para evaluar la cinética de fermentación, y después de 48 h de incubación de las muestras se utilizaron para cuantificar la producción de AGV. La proteína cruda (%) (2.25 vs 2.73), EE (%) (0.274 vs 0.272), CF (%) (22.15 vs 16,58) y cenizas (%) (2.14 vs 1.81) no fueron diferentes estadísticamente (p> 0.05) entre AS y tratamiento AWC. Los valores de DNF (% MS) fueron estadísticamente diferentes (p< 0.05) entre el AS (45.45) y los tratamientos AWC (52.95). No se observaron diferencias en AGV entre bagazo de agave y de frijol. Los valores de calcio (%) promedio de 3.46 y 1.95 para AS y AWC, respectivamente. Se concluye que, el bagazo de agave representa una alternativa viable para la alimentación de rumiantes, especialmente en la estación seca. AbstractThe aim of this project was to evaluate the in vitro nutrient profile of Agave salmiana (AS) and Agave weberi cela (AWC) bagasse as alternative feedstuffs for ruminant nutrition. The bagasse was collected in Jalpa, Zacatecas during 2010. From collected samples, dry matter (DM), ash, crude fiber (CF), ether extract (EE), crude protein (CP), total organic carbon (TOC), neutral detergent fiber (NDF), and total reducing sugars (TRS) were evaluated. Macro-and micro-minerals were determined by atomic absorption spectroscopy. Also, it was used an in vitro gas production technique to evaluate fermentation kinetic, and after 48h of incubation samples were used to quantified VFA production. Crude protein (%) (2.25 vs 2.73), EE (%) (0.274 vs 0.272), CF (%) (22.15 vs 16.58) and ash (%) (2.14 vs 1.81) were not different statistically (p> 0.05) between AS and AWC treatment. Values for NDF (% DM) were statistically different (p< 0.05) between AS (45.45) and AWC (52.95) treatments. No differences on VFA's were observed among agave bagasse and bean straw. Calcium (%) values averaged 3.46 and 1.95 for AS and AWC-treatments, respectively. It is concluded that Agave bagasse can represents an alternative feedstuffs for ruminants, especially at dry season.
A total of 164 marine superficial sediments samples were collected in the channels and fjords area of Chile (42°-56° S) in order to investigate the presence of the Cassidulinidae family. (Protozoa: Foraminiferida). It was identified 12 species, classified in 4 genera. The most wide geographic distribution taxa in the channels and fjords were: Globocassidulina rossensis (50,6 % of samples), Cassidulinoides parkerianus (42,1 %) and Cassidulina laevigata (34,8 %). Mention for presence of this 12 species from their localities in Chile was carried up. It was collected 29.033 specimens and the most abundant species were: Globocassidulina minuta (42,2 %), Globocassidulina subglobosa (19,9 %) y Globocassidulina rossensis (16,7 %).
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