Background The COVID-19 pandemic triggered vast governmental lockdowns. The impact of these lockdowns on mental health is inadequately understood. On the one hand such drastic changes in daily routines could be detrimental to mental health. On the other hand, it might not be experienced negatively, especially because the entire population was affected. Methods The aim of this study was to determine mental health outcomes during pandemic induced lockdowns and to examine known predictors of mental health outcomes. We therefore surveyed n = 9,565 people from 78 countries and 18 languages. Outcomes assessed were stress, depression, affect, and wellbeing. Predictors included country, sociodemographic factors, lockdown characteristics, social factors, and psychological factors. Results Results indicated that on average about 10% of the sample was languishing from low levels of mental health and about 50% had only moderate mental health. Importantly, three consistent predictors of mental health emerged: social support, education level, and psychologically flexible (vs. rigid) responding. Poorer outcomes were most strongly predicted by a worsening of finances and not having access to basic supplies. Conclusions These results suggest that on whole, respondents were moderately mentally healthy at the time of a population-wide lockdown. The highest level of mental health difficulties were found in approximately 10% of the population. Findings suggest that public health initiatives should target people without social support and those whose finances worsen as a result of the lockdown. Interventions that promote psychological flexibility may mitigate the impact of the pandemic.

No abstract

Homologues of the human major histocompatibility complex (MHC) HLA-A, -B, -E, -F, and -G loci are present in all the Catarrhini (Old World primates, apes, and humans), and some of their allelic lineages have survived several speciation events. Analysis of 26 MHC class I cDNAs from seven different genera of New World primates revealed that the Callitrichinae (tamarins and marmosets) are an exception to these rules of MHC stability. In gene trees of primate MHC class I genes, sequences from the Callitrichinae cluster in a genus-specific fashion, whereas in the other genera of New World primates, as in the Catarrhini, they cluster in a transgeneric way. The genus-specific clustering of the Callitrichinae cDNAs indicates that there is no orthology between MHC class I loci in genera of this phyletic group. Additionally, the Callitrichinae genera exhibit limited variability of their MHC class I genes, in contrast to the high variability displayed by all other primates. Each Callitrichinae genus, therefore, expresses its own set of MHC class I genes, suggesting that an unusually high rate of turnover of loci occurs in this subfamily. The limited variability of MHC class I genes in the Callitrichinae is likely the result of the recent origin of these loci.

No abstract

No abstract

We show that the class of weights w for which the Calderón operator is bounded on L p (w) can be used to develop a theory of real interpolation which is more general and exhibits new features when compared to the usual variants of the Lions-Peetre methods. In particular we obtain extrapolation theorems (in the sense of Rubio de Francia's theory) and reiteration theorems for these methods. We also consider interpolation methods associated with the classes of weights for which the Calderón operator is bounded on weighted Lorentz spaces and obtain similar results. We extend the commutator theorems associated with the real method of interpolation in several directions. We obtain weighted norm inequalities for higher order commutators as well as commutators of fractional order. One application of our results gives new weighted norm inequalities for higher order commutators of singular integrals with multiplications by BMO functions. We also introduce analogs of the space BMO in order to consider the relationship between commutators for Calderón type operators and their corresponding classes of weights.

This study tests the effectiveness of an acceptance/defusion intervention in reducing experimentally induced generalized avoidance. After the formation of two 6-member equivalence classes, 23 participants underwent differential conditioning with two elements from each class: A1 and B1 were paired with mild electric shock, whereas A2 and B2 were paired with earning points. Participants learned to produce avoidance and approach responses to these respective stimuli and subsequently showed transfer of functions to non-directly conditioned equivalent stimuli from Class 1 (i.e., D1 and F1 evoked avoidance responses) and Class 2 (i.e., D2 and F2 evoked approach responses). Participants were then randomly assigned to either a motivational protocol (MOT) in which approaching previously avoided stimuli was given a general value, or to a defusion protocol (DEF) in which defusion (a component of Acceptance and Commitment Therapy) was trained while approaching previously avoided stimuli was connected to personally meaningful examples. A post-hoc control group (CMOT) was conducted with 16 participants to control for differences in protocol length between the former two groups. All participants in the DEF group showed a complete suppression of avoidance responding in the presence of Class 1 stimuli (A1-F1 and additional novel stimuli in relation to them), as compared to 40% of participants in the MOT condition and 20% in the CMOT condition. The acceptance/defusion protocol eliminated experimentally induced avoidance responding even for stimuli that elicited autonomic fear responses.

Abstract. The class of functions for which the commutator with the HardyLittlewood maximal function or the maximal sharp function are bounded on L q are characterized and proved to be the same. is bounded in L q , for some (and for all) q ∈ (1, ∞). The cancellation implied by the commutator operation and the properties of singular integrals are crucial for the validity of the result. Later in [3], using real interpolation techniques, Milman and Schonbeck proved a commutator result that applies to the Hardy-Littlewood maximal operator M as well as the sharp maximal operator. In fact the commutator result is valid for a large class of nonlinear operators which we now describe.Let us say that T is a positive quasilinear operator if it is defined on a suitable class of locally integrable functions D(T ) and satisfiesWe have (cf.[3]) Proposition 1. Let b be a nonnegative BM O function and suppose that T is a positive quasilinear operator which is bounded on L q (w), for some 1 ≤ q < ∞ and for all w weights belonging to the Muckenhoupt class A r for some r ∈ [1, +∞).In particular the result applies to the maximal operator and the sharp maximal function. Note that since the Hardy-Littlewood maximal operator M is a positive