Escherichia coli is responsible for cases of diarrhea around the world, and some studies have shown the benefits of cinnamaldehyde in the treatment of bacterial disease. Therefore, the objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of cinnamaldehyde in mice colonized by pathogenic E. coli, as well as to provide more insights into its antimicrobial action mechanism. After determination of minimum inhibitory (MIC) and minimum bactericidal (MBC) concentrations, the interference of cinnamaldehyde in macromolecular pathways (synthesis of DNA, RNA, protein, and cell wall) was measured by incorporation of radioisotopes. The anti-adhesive properties of cinnamaldehyde towards E. coli 042 were evaluated using human epithelial type 2 (HEp-2) cells. Intestinal colonization was tested on mice, and the effect of cinnamaldehyde on Tenebrio molitor larvae. Cinnamaldehyde showed MIC and MBC values of 780 μg/mL and 1560 μg/mL, respectively; reduced the adhesion of E. coli 042 on HEp-2 cells; and affected all the synthetic pathways evaluated, suggesting that compost impairs the membrane/cell wall structure leading bacteria to total collapse. No effect on the expression of genes related to the SOS pathway (sulA and dinB1) was observed. The compound did not interfere with cell viability and was not toxic against T. molitor larvae. In addition, cinnamaldehyde-treated mice exhibited lower levels of colonization by E. coli 042 than the untreated group. Therefore, the results show that cinnamaldehyde is effective in treating the pathogenic E. coli strain 042 and confirm it as a promising lead molecule for the development of antimicrobial agents.
Nosocomial infections have been common in health services in Brazil. Among them, pneumonia is very highlighted due to the comorbidity that usually affects intensive treatment unit (ITU) patients, and due to the need for endotracheal intubation. The aim of this study was to determine the resistance profile of bacteria isolated from ITU patients with pneumonia in a public hospital in Sã o Luis, an important city in the Brazilian pre-Amazon region. Bacteria strains were obtained from tracheal aspiration and collected for diagnosis as well for phenotypic characterization. Standards culture media, such as blood and MacConkey agar, were used to isolate clinical strains. Automatized Vitek 2 method was used to identify strains and disc diffusion method (Kirby-Bauer) was performed to determine the antimicrobial susceptibility profile. During study, eighty-eight patients were diagnosed with pneumonia, caused by more than 20 different bacteria. Among them, P. aeruginosa (28%), Acinetobacter baumannii (20%), Coagulase-negative Staphylococci (19%), Staphylococcus aureus (8%) and Klebsiella pneumoniae (7%) were the most prevalent microorganisms. Regarding to the resistance, antimicrobial susceptibility test showed that majority of Gram-negative bacteria presented resistance to ampicillin. In Gram-positive bacteria there was a high resistance to ampicillin, penicillin, ciprofloxacin, clindamycin and erythromycin. This study showed a high prevalence of bacteria resistance in ITU patients in a public hospital. Although P. aeruginosa was the most frequent pathogen, it was possible to find other pathogens that were not recurrent, such as Enterobacter spp., Proteus mirabilis and Providencia stuartii. Regarding antimicrobials, the results showed a high resistance to several antimicrobials.
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