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Recent advances in understanding T2 inflammation have broadened the diseases in which T2 inflammation can be involved. Dupilumab is a recently developed monoclonal antibody blocking the signaling of both IL-4 and IL13, two crucial cytokines of the T2 responses. New possible indications are increasingly exploring. Among them are skin diseases, such as prurigo nodularis, nummular eczema, allergic contact dermatitis, chronic hand eczema, spontaneous chronic urticaria, bullous pemphigoid, alopecia areata, and Netherton syndrome, among other several cutaneous diseases. Also, respiratory diseases, such as allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis, chronic eosinophilic pneumonia, and allergic rhinitis. In addition, eosinophilic gastrointestinal disorders, particularly eosinophilic esophagitis, and food allergy are two more research fields. Here we review the published data and clinical trials about the use of dupilumab in these disorders.

European Network on Drug Allergy (ENDA) has proposed an algorithm for diagnosing immediate beta-lactam (BL) allergy. We evaluated its performance in real life. During 1994-2014, 1779 patients with suspected immediate reactions to BL were evaluated following ENDA's short diagnostic algorithm. Five hundred and nine patients (28.6%) were diagnosed of BL hypersensitivity. Of them, 457 (25.7%) were at first evaluation [403 by skin tests (ST), 12 by positive IgE and 42 by controlled provocation tests (CPT)]. At second evaluation (SE), 52 additional patients (10.2% of allergic patients) were diagnosed, [50 (2.8%) by ST and 2 (0.1%) by CPT]. Time between reaction and study was significantly longer in patients diagnosed at SE (median 5 vs 42 months; IQR 34 vs 170; P < 0.0001). Anaphylaxis was significantly associated with a diagnosis at SE. European Network on Drug Allergy/EAACI protocol was appropriate and safe when evaluating BL immediate reactions. Re-evaluation should be performed, particularly when anaphylaxis and long interval to diagnosis are present.

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