Endodontic disease has mainly a microbial origin. It is caused by biofilms capable of attaching and surviving in the root canal. Therefore, it is important to study the conditions in which those biofilms grow, develop and colonize the root canal system. However, few studies have used natural teeth as models, which would take into account the root canal anatomical complexity and simulate the clinical reality. In this study, we used human premolar root canals to standardize in vitro biofilm optimal formation conditions for microorganisms such as Enterococcus faecalis, Staphylococcus aureus and Candida albicans. 128 lower premolars underwent canal preparation using K-type files, and were treated with 5.25% sodium hypochlorite and EDTA. Samples were inoculated with microorganisms and incubated for 15, 30, 45, and 60 days under anaerobiosis (CO2 atmosphere) and aerobiosis. Microorganism presence was confirmed by Gram staining, cell culture, and electron microscopy. Exopolysaccharide matrix and microorganism aggregation were observed following 15 days of incubation. Bacterial growth towards the apical third of the root canal and biofilm maturation was detected after 30 days. CO2 atmosphere favored microbial growth the most. In vitro biofilm maturation was confirmed after 30 days of incubation under a CO2 atmosphere for both bacteria and yeast.
La preparación en endodoncia incluye la ampliación y conformación del espacio del conducto radicular así como la desinfección, y subsecuente obturación. A través de los años la instrumentación en endodoncia ha cambiado, tanto en las técnicas de preparación como en los materiales y métodos empleados para la fabricación de los instrumentos; iniciando con los instrumentos manuales de acero carbonado hasta llegar en la actualidad a las diferentes modificaciones de la aleación del Níquel – Titanio. Todos estos cambios se han realizado con el objetivo de respetar y adaptarse a las condiciones del conducto radicular, tanto en su forma, como diámetro. La presente revisión analiza los cambios del instrumental en endodoncia y la relación de dichos instrumentos con respecto a la anatomía del conducto radicular. The preparation in endodontics includes enlargement and shaping the root canal space alongwith disinfection, and subsequent obturation. Through the years the instrumentation in endodontics has sufferedchanges in preparation techniques and the materials used for the manufacture of instruments; starting with carbon steel hand instruments until today to various modifications of Nickel-Titaniumalloy. All these changes have been made in order to respect and adapt to the conditions of the root canal, both in form and diameter.The present review analyzes the state of affairs of the different modifications of endodontics instruments and their connection to the anatomy of the root canal.
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