HFUS delineated tumor margins adequately, and it appeared to depict subclinical extension past 4 mm on less aggressive BCC variants. It could be warranted if clinical or histologic diagnosis is uncertain. The strong association between clinical and ultrasonic measurements initiates more successful forms of therapy, risk-stratifies specific subgroups of patients, and prevents overall morbidity.
Sodium lauryl sulfate (SLS) has often been chosen as a model for irritant contact dermatitis (ICD) to study the effect of irritants in combination (1)(2)(3)(4)(5)(6)(7)(8)(9)(10)(11)(12)(13)(14). Recently 'tandem', or sequential, exposures with SLS have been performed to study the mechanism of skin barrier impairment in ICD (1-6, 15). The assessment of reactions have been documented with visual scoring, transepidermal water loss (TEWL), skin colour reflectance measurements, skin blood flow; among which TEWL has been noted as the most sensitive value (16). The matched control groups were treated with either a single exposure to a single irritant or in tandem with the same irritant repeatedly. Synergistic and additive effects have been reported for various tandem pairs of irritants, however, the mechanism for both remains unclear. The results of tandem irritation studies were evaluated to define and investigate the responses produced and deduce a possible mechanism of action. Clinical ramifications, albeit complex, are discussed.
The presence of dopant molecules and cosolvents in the sols from which mesostructured
silicate thin films are pulled can have profound influences on the resulting structure and
long range order. Dopants are frequently desired in order to induce a function such as
luminescence. An important luminescent molecule, carbazole, is very effective at converting
the film mesophase from hexagonal to lamellar. A very small change in the mole ratio of
carbazole to the structure-directing surfactant, from 0.41 to 0.44, causes a very abrupt change
of the structure of CTAB-templated mesostructured silica from two-dimensional hexagonal
to lamellar. A molecule with a very similar structure, fluorene, also affects the structure in
a similar manner, but much higher concentrations are necessary and the final order is not
as high. Molecules having similar functional groups (especially amine groups) but nonplanar
structures show that both the shape and the presence of the amine group play a role in
causing the structural change. Many luminescent molecules require cosolvents in order to
incorporate them into the sol from which the films are pulled. The effects of cosolvents,
especially THF and benzene, on the structures of the films are also studied. The reasons for
the structural change from 2-d hexagonal to lamellar as the concentrations of these molecules
are increased are discussed in terms of modifications in the effective shapes of the micelles,
and subtle local effects on the hydrolysis and condensation reaction rates caused by the
basic aromatic amine functional group.
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