The cancer incidence burden is expected to rise to over 85% in sub-Saharan Africa by 2030.1 This alarming trend underscores the need to develop evidence-based interventions that can effectively handle this volatile epidemic. The evidence generation entails the collection of adequate information on burden, pattern, and prevalence of cancer relative to capacity to promote effective decision-making. Accordingly, this study documents the prevalence and types of cancer in Kenya (demand side) and to determine the diagnostic and treatment capacity of the various health facilities to handle cancer cases (supply side). To investigate demand and supply factors for cancer control, the study surveyed 7 of the 47 counties in Kenya during 2013 to 2014. It sampled 1048 patients with cancer records and 12 health-care facilities. The study found that the most frequent age for female patients was at age 52, while for men was at age 62. The most prevalent cancer in women was breast cancer and cancer of the cervix, while for men was cancer of the esophagus and prostate. It was also found that children and rural populations were more vulnerable than it was thought, hence defying the local perception that cancer inflicts only adults and those in urban areas. Accessing cancer screening and treatment was one of the major hurdles as most cancer care services in Kenya were concentrated within a 5-km radius of each other in Nairobi. The limited capacity with respect to diagnosis and treatment has implications to issues of access, proximity, and availability. It is critical that policy makers and practitioners closely review the current public and individual perceptions about the cancer problems and mitigation strategies.
Practitioners of transportation demand management consider pricing a crucial determinant of vanpool market demand. Publicly sponsored programs stress the significance of fare pricing and subsidies as key tools for increasing ridership. This paper considers the use of discrete choice modeling techniques to investigate the effects of fares and fare subsidies on the demand for vanpool services. With the use of employer and employee data from the 1999 survey of the commute trip reduction program of the Puget Sound region (Washington), a conditional discrete choice model is built to analyze the choice of vanpool services, with competing means of transportation as a function of various socioeconomic characteristics. The predicted value of the direct elasticity is −0.73; a 10% increase in vanpool price is associated with a 7.3% decrease in its demand and vanpool demand is relatively inelastic with respect to fare changes. For trips shorter than 30 mi, the individual elasticities are equivalent to the aggregate estimate. As the distance from home to work increases beyond 60 mi, individuals are less responsive to price changes. Subsidies have a relevant impact in increasing ridesharing, controlling for firm size and industry sector. Whenever employees are offered a subsidy, the predicted probability of choosing vanpool more than doubles. These results show that factors other than fare pricing, such as employee profile, industry sector, firm size, parking policies, and travel patterns, must be taken into account when policies or designing fare schedules geared at stimulating ridership are implemented.
In the late 1990s, the City of Portland, Oregon in the United States decided to explore the potential for attracting tourists in its urbanized areas. It therefore carried out a study in select urban areas in the country to identify transport oriented features that would enhance access to urban tourist attraction sites. A transport service design was developed and when it was completed, one of the unexpected outcomes was a thematic nature for selected service routes. A uniquely painted bus (hence referred to as "the cultural bus") along with select customer friendly drivers were assigned on a route to cater for tourists. The number of tourists using the thematic bus route shot up and so was patronage of businesses along the route.But unlike the Portland example, the tourist industry in Kenya, along with its stakeholders have traditionally focused tourist infrastructure on a few large attractors (high impact sites), and very little has been done to maximize on the marginal sites (low impact sites), especially in urbanized areas.The objective of this paper is to provide a context for conceptualizing natural and infrastructural structures for urban tourism and entrepreneurial opportunities in Kenya by; 1) reviewing the premises and design contexts of urban tourism, 2) presenting transport oriented guiding principles for urban tourism, and 3) documenting pertinent transport design and practices case studies from the United States. The paper is an applied case study based on some of the projects in which the authors were previously either directly engaged in or responsible for documenting the practices. It also conceptualizes the nature of urban spatial structure and analysis pertinent to urban tourism.
The longevity risk borne by members of defined contribution pension schemes and the funding risk borne by sponsors of defined benefit pension funds have shifted attention to the investment strategies employed by pension funds. We use secondary data from 206 occupational retirement benefits schemes in Kenya, to examine the influence of pension scheme maturity on investment strategies. We then triangulate the results using focused group discussions with industry experts. Results from the regression models indicate that scheme maturity does not influence the investment strategies of occupation schemes in Kenya contrary to life cycle theory. The Retirement Benefits Authority and trustees of retirement benefits schemes in Kenya are advised to offer members’ investment choices coupled with education to enable them make decisions to reduce their exposure to risky assets as they age.
Subject area Corporate social responsibility (CSR). Study level/applicability The Homegrown case is designed for teaching corporate social responsibility and business ethics at undergraduate and graduate levels. The case may be used on a variety of courses including: corporate social responsibility, business ethics and corporate social responsibility, and business ethics. Case overview In May 2003, the headline of the East African newspaper screamed “The Kenyan Horticultural Industry under fire.” The industry was accused of exploitative labor policies with respect to working conditions, workers' welfare, sexual harassment, and exposure to harmful pesticides by the key stakeholders led by the Kenya Human Rights Commission. The stakeholders had announced plans to conduct national and international campaigns against the flower growing and exporting companies in Kenya. Mr Richard Fox, the Managing Director of Homegrown was worried that the publicity had adversely tarnished the image and reputation of the horticultural industry in Kenya as a whole, including Homegrown. He wondered how best to respond to these allegations. Should Homegrown wait to see what the competitors and other stakeholders would do, as these were industry-wide problems or should Homegrown take the lead? And if so, what should be the scope of the programs, given the diverse nature of the issues? He had to make decision quickly. Expected learning outcomes The case provides opportunity for students to analyze, discuss, and debate topical issues in CSR. At the end of the case, students should be able to: identify emerging CSR and ethical issues facing the horticultural industry in Kenya; analyze the cost of implementing CSR programs in business organizations; evaluate the impact of CSR programs on business performance; justify and defend choices on CSR, and ethical decisions. Supplementary materials Not included.
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