Emetine does not, therefore, contain a phenolic grouping as suggested by Keller (Zoc. cit.). The formation of gnaiacol in his experiments can be explained by either of two assumptions, namely : (1) that particill demethylation of the degrndation products has taken place, or (2) that the emetine and its methylation products employed contained cephaeline and its methylation proilucts as impurities. The second aswmptinn appears tlie more probable in view of Keller's statement (Toe. cit., 11. 701) that crude amorphous emetine hydrochloride, which contains "only a little ccphaeline," is suitable without further purification for the preparation of triniethylenictine di-iodide.
THE great medicinal importance of ergot has led to numerous chemical researches, which have mostly, however, resulted in little that is definite, possibly owing to the fungoid nature of the plant, As in the case of many drugs, the therapeutic properties of ergot have been attributed to the presence of ofie or inore alkaloids, but several investigators have of late years denied to the ergot alkaloids any part in the specific activity of the drug. The problem is further complicated by the extremely small alkaloidal content (about 0.1. per cent.); this makes the preparation of even a moderate supply of material very expensive.The first to establish the presence of fixed alkaloids in ergot masWenzell (Amel.. J. Phurm., 1864, 36, 193), who in 1864 applied the names ecboline and ergotiae to two inipure resinous preparations giving alkaloidal reactions, His observations mere confirmed by Ganser (Arch. Plurm., 1870, 194, 195). To Tanret, however, belongs the credit of having first obtained from ergot a well-defined crystalline alkaloid, which he named ergotinine in order to distinguish it from the resinous ergotine of Wenzell and others (Compt. rend., 18'75, 81, 896;1878, i86, 888; Ann. Cluim. Phys., 1879, [v], 17, 493). From the mother liquors of this base Tanret obtained a further yield of alkaloid in an amorphous form. Since this amorphous alkaloid in other respects closely resembled the crystalline, he called it amorphous ergotinine. Tanret's crystalline alkaloid has been found by all subsequent observers. According to Blumberg (Inaug. Biss. Borpnt, 1878) it is probably identical with the picrosclerotine of Dragendorff and Podwyssozki ( A ~c h . expt. Pnth. Pharm., 1876, 6, 153); the term sclerocrystalline used by Podwyssozki (Yharnz. Zeitschr. f u r Bussland, 1 883, 22, 396) is also merely another name for Tanret's alkaloid, and the same applies to the secaline of Jacobj (Arch. expt. Path. Phurm., 1897, 39, 104). According to Kobert (Arch. expt. Puth. PIbamt., 1884,18, 316) crystalline ergotinine has but slight if any physiological activity, so that when he obtained an impure alkaloidal resin of great toxicity he proposed for it the new name cornutine. According to Tanret (S.
In November 1972 an outbreak of gastrointestinal illness occurred at a public school in Stockport, Iowa. One hundred ninety-four (72%) of 269 pupils and 14 (16%) of 23 staff members were affected. The etiologic agent was a strain of Shigella sonnei resistant to multiple antimicrobials. Waterborne transmission of shigellosis was documented epidemiologically and by isolation of the organism from the school water system. Ninety-seven (14%) of 698 of the students' household contacts developed diarrhea, and possible secondary cases also occurred in 3 (9%) of 32 household contacts of school staff.
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