Sialolithiasis is a pathologic condition that affects 60 million people per year, which is caused by the presence of calcified structures, named sialoliths, inside the salivary glands and their salivary ducts. Despite the large incidence of sialolithiasis, its etiology is still unknown. In the present case report, a 47-year-old female patient, presenting with local pain and hampered mouth opening, underwent a surgical approach for the removal of a 20 mm sialolith, which was further analyzed through X-ray diffraction. In parallel, a radiographic registration of 8 years, covering all the period for sialolith formation, is presented along the case report.
Production au laboratoire d'apothécies de Sclerotinia trifoliorum Eriks. pour l'évaluation de la résistance du trèfle violet à la sclérotiniose. Guy RAYNAL
F 78850 Thiverva! Grignon RÉSUMÉ Cette étude en conditions contrôlées de la formation des apothécies par S. trifoliorum a pour but d'optimiser les conditions de production d'un inoculum ascosporé pour la sélection de trèfles résistants à la sclérotiniose. Le milieu de production in vitro des sclérotes agit sur la quantité et les dimensions des sclérotes et des apothécies. La taille des sclérotes influe sur la carpogenèse. La dormance des sclérotes peut être levée par dessication à 30 °C pendant une durée optimale d'un mois. Des sclérotes enfouis dans le sol, à l'extérieur, au printemps, sont aptes à produire des apothécies dès juillet s'ils sont placés en conditions favorables. Enfouis à plus de 2 cm, ils différencient des stipes ramifiés qui n'émergent pas du sol, mais sont aptes à produire des apothécies si on les place à la lumière. La lumière est indispensable à la carpogenèse. Plus l'énergie lumineuse reçue (de 20 à 800 wwcm-z) est forte, plus la différenciation des apothécies est rapide. La lumière blanche est plus favorable, les radiations bleues (475-500 nm) les moins favorables. L'obscurité continue empêche l'évolution des stipes. La différenciation des apothécies nécessite une forte humidité de l'atmosphère et une imbibition continue du substrat d'incubation des sclérotes. La perlite et le sable sont défavorables à la carpogenèse, contrairement à la vermiculite. Une terre de jardin s'est révélée très favorable, à l'inverse d'un sol limoneux. Enfin, tous les isolats de S. trifoliorum de trèfle et de luzerne ne sont pas également aptes à produire des apothécies. Mots clés additionnels : Carpogenèse, facteurs nutritionnels, facteurs physiques, substrat. SUMMARY Factors affecting the formation of apothecia of Sclerotinia trifoliorum under controlled conditions. A study under controlled conditions on apothecium formation by S. trifoliorum aimed to find the best conditions for the production of ascospores to be used for selection of clovers resistant to crown rot. The culture medium for in vitro production of the sclerotia influenced quantity and dimensions of sclerotia and apothecia. The dimensions of sclerotia had an effect on carpogenesis. The dormancy of sclerotia was removed by drying at 30 °C for the optimal duration of I month. Sclerotia buried outdoors in the soil in spring were able to differentiate apothecia as early as July, when placed in favourable conditions. When the depth of burial exceeded 2 cm, sclerotia differentiated branched stipes which never emerged, but were able to produce apothecia when placed under light. Light was essential to carpogenesis. The higher the light energy (from 20 to 800 pwcm-2), the faster the differentiation of apothecia. White light was most effective, blue waves less. Continuous obscurity inhibited stipe evolution. Apothecium differentiation needed high atmospheric humidity and a damp substrate for the incubation of sclerotia and evolution of stipes. Perlite and sand were unfavourable to carpogenesis, unlike vermiculite. Garden soil was very conducive, but not a si...
Summary — Kinetics of the ascospore production of Sclerotinia trifoliorum Eriks in growth chamber and under natural climatic conditions. Practical and epidemiological incidence. Sclerotia of Sclerotinia trifoliorum produced in the laboratory were placed under favourable conditions for capogenesis at varying temperatures in the light or in the dark. Ascospores discharged by apothecia were counted on a daily basis throughout the life cycle of the apothecia, ie 18-20 d at 15 °C. The quantity of spores collected depended on the diameter and age of the apothecia. The greatest discharge was generally when apothecia were 7-12 d old (fig 1). The mean number of ascospores collected from apothecia over the entire life cycle was 1.4 x 10 6 from apothecia 4-5 mm in diameter and 4.7 x 10 6 for apothecia 7 mm in diameter. Temperature directly affected sporulation. Spore discharge was abundant at 25 °C, but lasted only a few hours and the apothecia died within a few days. At 5-10 °C discharge was weak, but lasted over 1 month. At 20 and in particular at 15 °C, discharge was optimal, with sporulation continuing for a mean of 3 weeks (fig 2). Light was more conducive to sporulation than dark. Apothecia that had become detached from their stipes maintained normal sporulation and responded to temperature in the same way as apothecia attached to sclerotia. However, they survived for a somewhat shorter period (fig 3). Sclerotia produced in the laboratory then subjected to natural climatic conditions in the soil from the beginning of September began to produce apothecia in mid-October . Ascospores that were discharged were collected with a vacuum spore trap (fig 4). In 1987 and 1988, ascospore fig 6). This periodicity was related to temperature. The present study has resulted in an enhanced yield of ascospores from apothecia produced in the laboratory for artificial inoculation of red clover in screening for resistance. It has also better defined some important epidemiological factors affecting crown rot of forage legumes.
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