Social franchising has been utilized by social enterprises in a variety of ways, yet franchising as a marketing channel structure in the social enterprise context is a relatively new area of research. There is a need for better understanding of the various forms of the phenomenon and clarification of its fundamental meaning. This article examines franchising in the nonprofit sector by modeling social franchising according to the first of the four indicators derived from the social enterprise literature-social purpose over profit. The article suggests that there are distinct models of social franchising applied in marketing channels and supply chains that can be identified according to the for-profit or nonprofit status of the contracting parties. Finally, the article presents a pilot Australian case study conducted through a qualitative in-depth interview that considers the effectiveness of applying a social franchising model in the context of one form of social franchising known as microfranchising. This study provides foundational findings for future research in the nascent area of social franchising.
<p>The benefits of involving law students in practical learning exercises and clinical experience have been well documented. Undeniably the implementation of law clinics in university law schools has significant advantages for students, including practice-based learning, general skills improvement and preparation for the workplace. It has become more important than ever to prepare law students for practice, and employability initiatives have become the focus of many law schools. One of the ways in which student employability can be boosted is through a pro bono law clinic. Not only do law students entering the competitive work environment benefit significantly from practical work experience gained during the course of their law degree, but there is evidence that it could also increase self-confidence, practical knowledge and, consequently, employability in students. However, there has been little empirical research interrogating the connection between graduate skills development and clinical experience. This article continues the discourse on the link between graduate employability skills and law clinics. It focuses, first, on the benefits of pro bono law clinics for students in the context of work readiness; second, it examines the results of a survey administered to law students pre- and post- law clinic training within the theoretic grounding of the Graduate Employability Indicators prepared by Oliver et al. (2011); and in conclusion, it considers the future implications for law schools and the need for further research in this area.</p>
What is commonly understood by the term 'clinical education'? Despite the attraction of a 'one size fits all' approach, the concept of clinical education is approached differently in diverse disciplines, which may give rise to pedagogical uncertainty. Clinical education in higher education institutions, previously understood to apply exclusively to health professional disciplines, is no longer the sole domain of medicine and health sciences. Instead, it has evolved into an educational model adopted by multiple disciplines to create and implement experiential learning opportunities for students. For example, in the discipline of law it has given rise to law clinics where students are able to deal with real-life clients and obtain professional experience in interviewing and drafting legal letters and documents under close practitioner supervision. In other areas, such as psychology, clinical education has been implemented as an integral part of the educational model through university clinics and external placements that provide the opportunity to practice clinical skills under conditions of supervision prior to becoming registered as an independent practitioner. This paper examines the definition of 'clinical education' in the diverse disciplines of medicine, law and psychology by drawing on available literature and industry practice, and compares and distinguishes the understanding and application of the term in these areas. It further considers whether a cross-disciplinary approach may enhance and inform practices in different disciplines.
Law students face challenges when entering the employment market irrespective of where they reside. Apart from increasing competition from their peers, there is often a disconnect between theory in law courses and the realities of legal practice. The significant leap from "student" to "early career lawyer" or "graduate lawyer" requires law schools to be more proactive in incorporating practice-based legal skills. Whether experience is gained through clinical education, external work experience or pro bono programmes, the effect of practical work experience is to increase self-confidence, practice knowledge and, consequently, employability in students. Extracurricular community engagement has been widely recognised as enhancing graduate employability by combining experiential learning, coursework and community service, with teaching clinics providing suitable learning opportunities for law students. This paper focuses on the perceived benefits of experiential learning in pro bono teaching clinics with reference to three case studies of successful law faculty teaching clinics in different jurisdictions: an established law clinic in Australia; an established law clinic in South Africa; and an emerging law clinic in Chile. The results of the study indicate that students in all three jurisdictions-Australia, Chile and South Africa-will reap advantageous benefits from their clinical experience when entering the workplace.
<p>It has been widely acknowledged that pro bono service in law clinics and university access to justice initiatives have a positive impact on students, especially in relation to increasing their graduate employability skills. However, little empirical evidence exists in respect of the extended benefits of pro bono service during students’ studies in relation to the students themselves once they enter the workforce, as well as data on the perceived benefits by recipients of the pro bono services. This article explores the impact of pro bono service by university students in a university law clinic from two perspectives, namely that of the graduates themselves after they enter legal practice; and that of the community members who are clients of the pro bono clinics. In the context of a pilot project dealing with these two issues, the author investigates: first, the incidence of continuing pro bono service once law graduates enter legal practice, and the motivating factors for their ongoing involvement in pro bono (or lack thereof), by surveying a group of clinic alumni of a Commercial Law Clinic held at Bond University; and second, the perceived benefits reported by clients of the same law clinic over a period of approximately five years.</p>
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