The commercialisation of Bt (Bacillus thuringensis) maize expressing the Cry endotoxin specific for some types of Lepidopteran and Coleopteran pests has lead researchers to study the reduction in mycotoxin concentrations in Bt hybrids compared to the correspondent isogenic plants. Indeed, insect damage is one of the main inoculation pathways of mycotoxinogenic moulds. The present study aims to evaluate, according to the scientific literature published to date, the real efficiency of Bt maize hybrids in reducing the mycotoxin problem. The results obtained from the analysis of the literature do not show significant variations in the content of aflatoxins, zearalenone and trichothecenes, between Bt hybrids and corresponding isogenic control plants. The only mycotoxins where Bt hybrids have any effect are the fumonisin group, but even in this case studies in commercially planted fields have shown that their effect is mitigated by many biotic and abiotic factors.
Fibromyalgia syndrome is a chronic rheumatic disorder characterized by generalized and widespread musculoskeletal pain. It is associated with several secondary symptoms such as psychological and pain-specific distress, which can directly impact daily functioning and quality of life, like anxiety and depression. The Ganoderma lucidum (GL) mushroom seems to be able to improve fibromyalgia symptoms, including depression and pain. The purpose of the study is to evaluate the effects of GL on happiness, depression, satisfaction with life, and health-related quality of life in women with fibromyalgia. A double-blind, randomized placebo pilot trial was carried out, with one group taking 6 g/day of micro-milled GL carpophores for 6 weeks, during which the second group took a placebo. Our results did not show any statistically significant between-group differences, although a distinct trend of improved levels of happiness and satisfaction with life and reduced depression were evident at the end of treatment compared to the baseline in the GL group. However, due to the limitations of the study protocol, additional studies are necessary to confirm these findings.
This study aimed to analyze the different types of emotional regulation in first and second year high school students according to sex and age. Many adolescents do not meet the minimum WHO recommendations, at a critical stage in which habits that will later be maintained are established. For this reason, physical education is an important means to promote these habits and an understanding of the reasons for their participation in physical education. For this purpose, PLOC-2 was used. The Kolmogorov–Smirnov test was used to determine the characteristics of the data, the ANOVA test to explore the differences between sexes, and the Spearman test for correlations between the type of regulation and age. The results showed significant differences in several items and emotional regulation by sex and an inverse correlation between age and demotivation. There are differences between the reasons why both sexes perform physical activity, and we have determined that boys have more intrinsic regulation than girls do.
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