Using angle-resolved X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (ARXPS), we investigate the topmost nanometers of various binary ionic liquid (IL) mixtures at differentt emperatures in the liquid state. The mixtures consist of ILs with the same [PF 6 ] À anion but two different cations, namely 3methyl-1- (3,3,4,4,4-pentafluorobutyl)imidazoliumh exafluorophosphate, [PFBMIm][PF 6 ], and 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium hexafluorophosphate, [C 4 C 1 Im][PF 6 ], with 10, 25, 50 and 75 mol %c ontento f[ PFBMIm][PF 6 ]. We observe ap referential enrichmento ft he fluorinated chain in the topmostl ayer, relative to the bulk composition, which is mostp ronounced for the lowest content of [PFBMIm][PF 6 ]. Upon cooling the mixtures stepwise from 95 8Cu ntil surfacec harging effects in XPS indicate solidification,w eo bserve ap ronouncedi ncreasei ns urfacee nrichmento ft he fluorinated chain with decreasing temperature in the liquid state. In contrast to the mixtures with lower[ PFBMIm] [PF 6 ]c ontents, cooling the 75 mol %m ixture additionallys hows an abrupt decrease of the fluorinated chain signal before complete solidification occurs, whichisa ssigned to partial precipitation effects.[a] B.
In uremia, poor growth occurs despite normal to increased levels of insulin and GH. Since serum somatomedin levels measured by RIA and radioreceptor assay are normal in patients with renal failure, while serum somatomedin activity measured by bioassay is low but increased by dialysis, we asked if somatomedin activity could be decreased due to the presence of a low mol wt inhibitor(s). Serum was obtained from eight normal adults and eight uremic patients before hemodialysis treatment and was fractionated by gel filtration. Somatomedins and high mol wt inhibitors were separated on Sephadex G-50, pH 2.4, and high and low mol wt inhibitors were separated on Sephadex G-25, pH 7. Somatomedins were measured by stimulation of SO4 uptake by hypophysectomized rat costal cartilage in vitro, and inhibitor levels were determined by the blunting of stimulation produced by somatomedins in normal serum. Total biologically active somatomedin levels were comparable in uremic and normal sera. High mol wt somatomedin inhibitors (as found in malnutrition and diabetes) also were detected at similar levels in uremic and normal sera. In contrast, serum from uremic patients had increased levels of a low mol wt somatomedin inhibitor(s) [151 +/- 23% (mean +/- SEM) of serum stimulation inhibited vs. 47 +/- 9%; P less than 0.001]. Peak inhibitory activity was found at approximately 940 mol wt (range, 800-1100); an inhibitor of similar size was found in normal urine. Uremic serum fractions blunted cartilage sulfate uptake that was stimulated by whole serum, somatomedins (dissociated from serum carrier proteins), and insulin and lowered uridine and thymidine uptake that was stimulated by whole serum (all P less than 0.005). Lineweaver-Burk analysis indicated that somatomedin-inhibitor interactions on cartilage were noncompetitive, consistent with observations that direct exposure of cartilage to inhibitor decreased SO4 uptake to 30 +/- 3% below buffer levels (P less than 0.001). Despite these marked effects on cartilage, no alterations in basal or insulin-stimulated glucose oxidation occurred after addition of inhibitory serum fractions to adipose tissue incubations. Exposure of the inhibitor to proteolytic enzymes led to a significant decrease in inhibitory activity, indicating that the inhibitor may be a peptide. These studies suggest that decreased circulating somatomedin activity and impaired growth in uremia may reflect the accumulation of a circulating peptide inhibitor that would normally be cleared by the kidneys. Measurements of this factor may provide an index of growth potential in uremic children and help guide therapy of renal failure in both children and adults.
Hemodynamic functions and blood volume were observed in patients with chronic uremia. Thirty-one patients had clinical features of circulatory congestion and 37 did not. The degree of anemia and acidosis was comparable in both groups. However, creatinine clearance was significantly lower in patients with circulatory congestion. Both groups of patients had greater blood pressure, heart rate, plasma volume, and total peripheral resistance than normal. Resting cardiac output was abnormally decreased in 19% of the patients with circulatory congestion and in 14% of patients without features of circulatory congestion. There was no correlation between blood volume and blood pressure. Intravenous digitalization of seven of the patients with circulatory congestion produced clinical and hemodynamic improvement in only two. Hemodialysis effected an increase in cardiac output and a decrease in total peripheral resistance in six patients with congestion. In seven patients without circulatory congestion after dialysis there was a fall in plasma and blood volume, associated with a slight decrease in cardiac output. It is suggested that congestion of the circulation in chronic uremia results from a variety of hemodynamic, myocardial, and metabolic alterations, rather than from any single abnormality.
Objective: Subjective well-being is a crucial variable for mental health practitioners. This study examines the influence of therapists' attachment dimensions and self-reported reflective functioning on their perceived well-being. Further, it examines if reflective functioning mediates the association between attachment insecurity and well-being. Method: A total of 416 experienced psychotherapists were enrolled in this cross-sectional study, and completed self-report measures of attachment insecurity, reflective functioning, and wellbeing. We tested the hypothesized mediation model with path analysis that examined indirect effects. Results: Both attachment anxiety and avoidance dimensions had a significant negative association with perceived well-being with small to medium effects. 'Certainty' in reflective functioning had a small positive effect on therapist well-being. Reflective functioning mediated the association between insecure attachment dimensions and wellbeing, suggesting that therapist's lower ability to mentalize may partially account for the effects of higher attachment insecurity on lower well-being. Conclusion: The well-being of psychotherapists with greater insecure attachment may deserve special attention, and therapists' mentalizing capacities may be targeted by researchers and trainers as a core ability to be cultivated in order to preserve therapists' professional and personal resources.
NAPA pharmacokinetics were studied in 6 functionally anephric patients. Distribution and nonrenal elimination of this drug were found to be the same as in individuals with normal renal function but renal clearance was reduced, resulting in a mean elimination t 1/2 of 41.9 hr (6.2 hr in normal subjects). Renal clearance of NAPA correlated well with ClCr. Dialysis removed NAPA from both red blood cells and plasma and increased ClT approximately fourfold. Dialysis itself resulted in a 77% reduction in ClS that limited the total amount of NAPA removed by this procedure. This reduction in ClS was sustained for at least 3 hr after dialysis and attenuated rebound in plasma NAPA concentrations.
The effects of using angiotensin in the treatment of shock from various causes were studied in 21 patients. The blood pressure returned to normal in every instance excepting 6 patients who were moribund when treatment was begun. Of 6 patients who were in advanced bacteremic shock and whose prognosis was considered hopeless, 4 survived as did one with severe shock associated with postoperative intracranial bleeding and two with severe barbiturate poisoning. Angiotensin was also used in treating 10 patients in whom hypotension appeared in the course of dialysis by an artificial kidney. Six survived. In this series of cases angiotensin produced no side effects of any sort. SEVERAL VASOPRESSOR AGENTS have been employed in recent years for treating shock and severe hypotension. The most powerful of these agents, levarterenol bitartrate, is limited in its use because of undesirable side effects. In 1957, Schwyzer et al.1 and Bumpus, Schwartz, and Page 2 reported the successful synthesis of a new vasopressor agent, angiotensin II. Extensive physiological and pharmacological studies in ani¬ mals and man have shown that angiotensin II is considerably more potent than levarterenol.3'4 To date, only a few, limited studies concerning the effectiveness of angiotensin II in the treatment of shock in man have appeared, mostly in Euro¬ pean literature.5 9 The present report deals with a clinical evaluation of angiotensin II (valine-5 angiotensin II amide [Hypertensin]) in the treat¬ ment of shock due to various etiologies. Materials and MethodsThe effectiveness of angiotensin II as a vaso¬ pressor agent was evaluated in 21 patients pre¬ senting with shock in 27 separate instances. Eight patients were females and 13 were males. Their ages ranged from 19 to 77 years. The cause of shock could be ascribed in 6 patients to acute bacteremia, in 1 patient to intracranial bleeding, in 2 patients to acute coronary thrombosis and myo¬ cardial infarction, in 2 patients to acute barbiturate poisoning, and in 10 uremic patients to severe body-fluid displacements in the course of 16 extracorporeal hemodialyses. Six patients were mori¬ bund. Angiotensin II was administered in most instances after other pressor agents (metaraminol bitartrate, mephentermine sulfate, levarterenol bi¬ tartrate), were discontinued, while in 5 patients it was administered in combination with levarterenol.Angiotensin II was supplied in crystalline form in 500-mcg. vials. One or more vials were dissolved in 200 to 500 ml. of 5 per cent dextrose in water of normal saline. The drug was administered intra¬ venously at rates ranging from 0.23 to 130 meg. per minute for 7 minutes to 144 hours.
scite is a Brooklyn-based organization that helps researchers better discover and understand research articles through Smart Citations–citations that display the context of the citation and describe whether the article provides supporting or contrasting evidence. scite is used by students and researchers from around the world and is funded in part by the National Science Foundation and the National Institute on Drug Abuse of the National Institutes of Health.
hi@scite.ai
334 Leonard St
Brooklyn, NY 11211
Copyright © 2024 scite LLC. All rights reserved.
Made with 💙 for researchers
Part of the Research Solutions Family.