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The perception of risk is influenced by how the signals about impacts of events are collected, selected, and interpreted. Empirical data suggest that significant differences in the perception of risk occur within the non-expert population itself, as well as between experts and non-expert population. The paper seeks to examine the risk perception of citizens living in an area subject to high hydro-geological risk of Calabria (Southern Italy), and understanding if local policy makers are aware of how local residents perceive risk. Quantitative and qualitative methods were employed to analyze the perception of experts, stakeholders and citizens on the following research topics: (i) perception of geohydrological risk, involvement in past events and behavior exhibited; (ii) information, communication, preparedness, and feeling of safety and trust. The results of the survey showed the communication gap between experts and people, evidencing the need for local authorities and experts to disseminate the culture of awareness on the risk and to increase the safety level of the citizens by means of participated actions aimed at reducing urban disaster risk.

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The consequences of climate change can involve various ambits and be very severe. For this reason, the social perception of climate change is a fundamental issue since it can influence the decisions of the policymakers, by encouraging or discouraging political, economic and social actions. In this paper, a sample of 300 interviews, collected through a standardized questionnaire and carried out among two municipalities located in southern Italy, was exploited to investigate the perception of climate change. Specific issues, regarding perceptions about climate change, concerns about its impacts, level of information, behavior and actions, exposure to extreme natural events and trust, were addressed to give answers to the research questions: (i) Is climate change perceived by the population? (ii) What is the degree of the community resilience to extreme natural events and climate change? As the main findings, this survey highlighted that the spatio-temporal dimension affects population perception, suggesting that some issues, such as correct behavior towards the geosphere, the sustainability of anthropization processes, community resilience and disaster risk reduction policies, can be very central and useful to mitigate the effects of climate change in population and society. Moreover, climate change perception varies in relation to contextual factors, including media communication, socio-demographic characteristics of respondents, knowledge and education, economic and institutional factors, personal values and, finally, psychological factors and experience.

This work is a synthesis of research into seismic risk perception in the Pollino area (southern Italy). Over the last 3 years, there has been an ongoing earthquake swarm affecting this area that straddles the border between the regions of Calabria and Basilicata. The perception of seismic risk is an important element in environmental planning. If land is considered in terms of reciprocal interaction between humans and their physical space, Geoethics can find a synthesis between humanistic and scientific knowledge with regard to the theme of disasters. Geoethics can especially help in terms of educating the population of an area about integrated risk management. It is believed that improved communications, awareness of risk complexity and levels of preparation would increase a community's resilience and allow for more effective planning. With this premise, a questionnaire was given to students in primary and secondary education, and to a sample of adults in some of the villages affected by the Pollino earthquake swarm. A comparison with people's mental representation of risk regarding great earthquakes of the past, such as those of Calabria in 1783, helps us to clarify the relationship between an extreme event and a disaster.

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