Parents have a high degree of control over the environments and experiences of their children. Food preferences are shaped by a combination of genetic and environmental factors. This article is a review of current data on effective determinants of children's eating habits. The development of children's food preferences involves a complex interplay of genetic, familial, and environmental factors. There is evidence of a strong genetic influence on appetite traits in children, but environment plays an important role in modeling children's eating behaviors. Parents use a variety of strategies to influence children's eating habits, some of which are counterproductive. Overcontrol, restriction, pressure to eat, and a promise of rewards have negative effects on children's food acceptance. Parents' food preferences and eating behaviors provide an opportunity to model good eating habits. Satiety is closely related to diet composition, and foods with low energy density contribute to prevent overeating. Parents should be informed about the consequences of an unhealthy diet and lifestyle and motivated to change their nutritional habits. Parents should be the target of prevention programs because children model themselves on their parents' eating behaviors, lifestyles, eating-related attitudes, and dissatisfaction regarding body image. Pediatricians can have an important role in the prevention of diet-related diseases. Informed and motivated parents can become a model for children by offering a healthy, high-satiety, low-energy-dense diet and promoting self-regulation from the first years of life.

Complementary feeding is introduced earlier than recommended in a sizeable number of infants, particularly among FF infants. Country- and population-specific approaches to adequately inform parents should be explored.

Objectives:The objective of this study was to quantify human milk supply and intake of breastfed infants up to age 12 months. Additionally, human milk composition was quantified per energetic macronutrient and fatty acid composition in a subsample of lactating mothers. Methods:174 Italian breastfed children were followed using test-weighing and 3-day food protocols from birth to age twelve months. From a sub-sample of thirty mothers breast milk samples were collected at child ages one (T1), two (T2), three (T3), and six (T6) months, and were analyzed for the amount of protein, digestible carbohydrates, total lipids and fatty acid composition. Results:142 (82%) filled in at least one three-day food protocol within the first 12 months of life and complied with test-weighing of all milk feeds. The number of valid food protocols declined from 126 infants at one month to 77 at twelve months of age. Only galactose, non-protein nitrogen and protein decreased significantly from age one to age six months of lactation. Maternal BMI and age affected fatty acid levels in human milk. Median human milk intake decreased from 625ml at T1, over 724ml at T3 to 477ml/day at T6.Average energy and %energy from protein intake per day increased from 419 kcal (SD 99) and 8.4% (1.0) at T1, respectively, to 860 kcal (145) and 16.1% (2.6) at T12. Conclusion:These data provide a reference range of nutrient intakes in breastfed infants and may provide guidance for defining optimal nutrient intakes for infants that cannot be fully breastfed.4

We study a class of elliptic SPDEs with additive Gaussian noise on R 2 × M , with M a ddimensional manifold equipped with a positive Radon measure, and a real-valued non linearity given by the derivative of a smooth potential V , convex at infinity and growing at most exponentially. For quite general coefficients and a suitable regularity of the noise we obtain, via the dimensional reduction principle discussed in [11], the identity between the law of the solution to the SPDE evaluated at the origin with a Gibbs type measure on the abstract Wiener space L 2 (M ). The results are then applied to the elliptic stochastic quantization equation for the scalar field with polynomial interaction over T 2 , and with exponential interaction over R 2 (known also as Høegh-Krohn or Liouville model in the literature). In particular for the exponential interaction case, the existence and uniqueness properties of solutions to the elliptic equation over R 2+2 is derived as well as the dimensional reduction for all values of the "charge parameter" σ = α 2 √ π < √ 8π for which the model has an Euclidean invariant measure (hence also permitting to get the corresponding relativistic invariant model on the two dimensional Minkowski space).