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-The trends of the physicochemical properties, chemical constituents and main nitrogen fractions of Haflinger mare milk were studied. Milk samples were collected at d 4,20,40, 60, 80, 120, 150 and 180 post-partum, by hand-milking from 5 mares, 7-14 years old (4-11 parities) and 400-490 kg live weight. Density, pH, titratable acidity, fat, protein, lactose and ash varied significantly during the first lactation period, while the freezing point showed statistically no significant modifications. The contents of fat, protein and ash diminished. In addition, the gross energy value tended to decrease and the lactose content increased. Total N content decreased significantly (P < 0.0001), especially between d 4 (515 mg) and d 40 (286 mg) and, to a lesser degree, until d 180 of lactation (255 mg . 100 g -1 milk). The casein number varied significantly (P < 0.001), particularly between the beginning (56.32%) and the end (45.40%) of lactation. The trend of non-protein N and globulin N fractions was different; both the 2nd and 3rd month showed the lowest values of the entire lactation (P < 0.05). The non-protein N proportion (NPN × 100 / total N) increased significantly (P < 0.001) from the beginning (7.74% at d 4) to the end (12.37% at d 180) of lactation. The globulin N proportion increased from the end of the 4th lactation month, reaching in the final period an average value of about 10% of total N, but with an irregular trend (P > 0.05).Haflinger horse / nursing mare / lactation stage / milk properties / milk composition / nitrogen fractions Résumé -Propriétés physico-chimiques, composition chimique, valeur énergétique et fractions azotées du lait de jument de race Haflinger pendant 6 mois de lactation. L'évolution des propriétés physico-chimiques, des constituants chimiques et des principales fractions azotées du lait de jument de race Haflinger a été étudiée. Les prélèvements de lait ont été effectués à 4,20,40, 60, 80, 120, 150 P. Mariani et al. 416

Aim of this work was to investigate nursing mares milk characteristics at the end of lactation (D) and to make a comparison with milk taken during early lactation (3 to 30 d post partum) (E). The survey was carried out on 17 Italian Saddle mares (IS) (193 days in milk; 147 pregnancy days) and on 12 Haflinger mares (H) (174 days in milk; 146 pregnancy days). N fractions were determined by means of Kjeldahl; fat and lactose by means of mid infrared lectures; mineral elements were determined by Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometry; P by colorimetry. Data referring to 58 individual milk samples were analyzed by ANCOVA. Significant variations, similar in both breeds, were observed (E vs D) for density at 15°C (1.036 vs 1.034), pH (6.94 vs 7.24), titratable acidity (3.56 vs 1.70 °SH), fat (1.17 vs 0.76% g/100g of milk), crude protein (2.31 vs 1.68% g/100g), casein number (52.37 vs 46.59) and ash (0.50 vs 0.30% g/100g); similarly (mg/100g) for non casein N (172.31 vs 142.05), non protein N (34.43 vs 29.09), P (61.30 vs 32.48), Ca (112.88 vs 54.42), Mg (8.40 vs 4.38) and K (60.77 vs 41.31). Freezing point, lactose and Na showed no significant variations. At the end of lactation, milk resulted poorer in all main organic components, except lactose, and in all mineral components, except Na. Only freezing point and phosphorus variations differed in IS from H. Breed significantly affected fat, casein N and ash mean contents.

Calcium is recognized as an essential nutritional factor for bone health. An adequate intake is important to achieve or maintain optimal bone mass in particular during growth and old age. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the efficiency of hake fish bone (HBF) as a calcium source for bone mineralization: in vitro on osteosarcoma SaOS-2 cells, cultured in Ca-free osteogenic medium (OM) and in vivo on young growing rats fed a low-calcium diet. Lithotame (L), a Ca supplement derived from Lithothamnium calcareum, was used as control. In vitro experiments showed that HBF supplementation provided bone mineralization similar to standard OM, whereas L supplementation showed lower activity. In vivo low-Ca HBF-added and L-added diet similarly affected bone deposition. Physico-chemical parameters concerning bone mineralization, such as femur breaking force, tibia density and calcium/phosphorus mineral content, had beneficial effects from both Ca supplementations, in the absence of any evident adverse effect. We conclude HBF derived from by-product from the fish industry is a good calcium supplier with comparable efficacy to L.

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