Standard-Nutzungsbedingungen:Die Dokumente auf EconStor dürfen zu eigenen wissenschaftlichen Zwecken und zum Privatgebrauch gespeichert und kopiert werden.Sie dürfen die Dokumente nicht für öffentliche oder kommerzielle Zwecke vervielfältigen, öffentlich ausstellen, öffentlich zugänglich machen, vertreiben oder anderweitig nutzen.Sofern die Verfasser die Dokumente unter Open-Content-Lizenzen (insbesondere CC-Lizenzen) zur Verfügung gestellt haben sollten, gelten abweichend von diesen Nutzungsbedingungen die in der dort genannten Lizenz gewährten Nutzungsrechte. The Institute for the Study of Labor (IZA) in Bonn is a local and virtual international research center and a place of communication between science, politics and business. IZA is an independent, nonprofit limited liability company (Gesellschaft mit beschränkter Haftung) supported by the Deutsche Post AG. The center is associated with the University of Bonn and offers a stimulating research environment through its research networks, research support, and visitors and doctoral programs. IZA engages in (i) original and internationally competitive research in all fields of labor economics, (ii) development of policy concepts, and (iii) dissemination of research results and concepts to the interested public. The current research program deals with (1) mobility and flexibility of labor markets, (2) internationalization of labor markets and European integration, (3) the welfare state and labor markets, (4) labor markets in transition, (5) the future of work, (6) project evaluation and (7) general labor economics. Terms of use: Documents in Language Proficiency and Labour Market Performance of Immigrants in the UK Christian Dustmann Francesca Fabbri D I S C U S S I O N P A P E R S E R I E SIZA Discussion Papers often represent preliminary work and are circulated to encourage discussion. Citation of such a paper should account for its provisional character. This paper uses two recent UK surveys to investigate labour market performance, the determinants of language proficiency, and the effect of language on earnings and employment probabilities of non-white immigrants. Our results show that language acquisition, employment probabilities, as well as earnings differ widely across non-white immigrants, according to their ethnic origin. Language has a strong and positive effects on employment probabilities. Furthermore, lack of English fluency leads to substantial earnings losses of immigrants. While earnings of white and ethnic minority natives develop in a similar manner, there is a large earnings gap between these two groups, and ethnic minority immigrants. English fluency contributes considerably to reducing these differences. Addressing the problems of measurement error and unobserved heterogeneity in language variables, our results indicate that measurement error in the language variable leads to underestimation of the importance of language for employment probabilities and earnings in straightforward regressions. In comparison with results found for other coun...

Using data from the British Labour Force Survey this article provides an empirical investigation of the way immigration affects labour market outcomes of native born workers in Britain, set beside a theoretical discussion of the underlying economic mechanisms. We discuss problems arising in empirical estimation, and how to address them. We show that the overall skill distribution of immigrants is remarkably similar to that of the native born workforce. We find no strong evidence that immigration has overall effects on aggregate employment, participation, unemployment and wages but some differences according to education.The possible negative effects of immigration on wages and employment outcomes of native workers is one of the core concerns in the public debate on immigration. Economic theory is well suited to help understand the possible consequences of immigration for receiving economies, and the theoretical aspects of the possible effects of immigration for the receiving economiesÕ labour markets are well understood. That is not to say that predictions of theory are clear-cut, however. It is compatible with economic models that changes in the size or composition of the labour force resulting from immigration could harm the labour market prospects of some native workers; however, it is likewise compatible with theory that immigration even when changing the skill composition of the workforce has no effects on wages and employment of native workers, at least in the long run. Economic models predict that labour market effects of immigration depend most importantly on the structure of the receiving economy, as well as the skill mix of the immigrants, relative to the resident population.Without empirical test, predictions of theoretical models remain at best wellreasoned speculation, and are not suited to guide policy. To quantify the effects of immigration on wages and employment of resident workers is therefore a main concern of economic analysis. A considerable number of papers address this issue, most of them for the US, with some studies for other European countries.1 Most papers find effects of immigration on wages and employment prospects of native workers which are either modest or absent. However, the general conclusion some * We thank the British Home Office for financial support.

Do multinational rms exhibit different patterns of labor demand from purely domestic rms? Many standard models of trade and multinational companies suggest one such difference may be labor-demand elasticities. For several reasons, multinationals may have more-elastic labor demands than do purely domestic rms. In this paper we discuss the theory issues involved. We then present industry-levelevidence that, for U.K. and U.S. manufacturing, labor demand for less-skilled labor has become more elastic in recent decades-a period in which for both countries multinational activity has expanded. (JEL: F2, L1)

In this retrospective study, we evaluated the chromogranin A (CgA) baseline value as a predictor of clinical outcome in patients with metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer (CRPC) treated with abiraterone 1000 mg per day, whose disease progressed after docetaxel chemotherapy. In the 48 evaluable patients, serum CgA level was normal when !120 ng/ml (group A, nZ16), within three times the upper normal value (UNV) when between 120 and 360 (group B, nZ16), more than three times the UNV when R360 ng/ml (group C, nZ16). Decline in PSA level R50% or more (PSA RR) was observed in 26 of 48 (54%) patients. PSA response rate did not correlate with the CgA groups. CgA levels more than three times the UNV predicted an early radiological progressive disease in eight of 11 cases (73%). The median progression-free survival (PFS) among the CgA groups A, B, and C was 9.2, 9.2, and 4.8 months respectively, PZ0.0459. The median overall survival (OS) among the CgA groups was 19.0, 18.8, and 10.8 months respectively, PZ0.2092. In the multivariate analysis, PSA RR (nonresponsive vs responsive) and CgA levels (group 3 vs groups 1C2) were predictors of PFS (PZ0.0002 and PZ0.0047 respectively), whereas PSA RR only was significantly associated with OS (PZ0.0024), while CgA levels remained of borderline significance (PZ0.0919). A serum CGA level more than three times the UNV predicted PFS and showed a trend vs OS prediction, independently from PSA response, in CRPC patients treated with abiraterone.