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Two c-hydroxybutyric acid (GHB) analogues, transc-hydroxycrotonic acid (t-HCA) and c-(p-methoxybenzyl)-c-hydroxybutyric acid The results indicate that GHB-induced G protein activation and reduction of glutamate levels are GABA B -mediated effects, while the increase of glutamate levels is a GHB-mediated effect. Neither t-HCA nor NCS-435 reproduced GHB sedative/hypnotic effect in mice, confirming that this effect is GABA B -mediated. The GHB analogues constitute important tools for understanding the physiological role of endogenous GHB and its receptor.

The spread of the pandemic and the consequent adoption of lockdown measures to prevent infections had severe consequences for business activity and employment. By using data from the Italian Labour Force Survey, this paper simulates the effect of the COVID-19 crisis on the dynamics and distribution of equivalized labour income in the first two quarters of 2020. Moreover, it assesses the effectiveness in smoothing labour income losses of the social insurance benefits that were in place before the crisis and of the temporary measures adopted by the Italian Government to face it. We find that the economic repercussions of the COVID-19 shock impacted low-income households more heavily than higher income families, implying a substantial increase in labour income inequality. However, our results show that the social insurance benefits temporarily introduced by the Italian Government were able, at least in the short term, to compensate for these income losses and for the increased inequality significantly more than the pre-crisis measures.

This paper analyses the effects of raising the statutory full retirement age on the labour force participation of middle-aged individuals and their partners. Identification relies on a difference-in-differences setting that exploits the large heterogeneous increase in the age eligibility for retirement caused by an unexpected Italian pension reform. We detect a sizeable increase in the participation rate of middle-aged women that spills over into their husbands' labour supply, who choose to postpone their retirement decision.

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