Prevalence of varus thrust is common across the lifespan. Normative values established here can be readily used by clinicians and researchers in monitoring this gait deviation.

Background:The impact of residential setting on the performance of older adults on commonly used instruments of mobility has not been closely investigated.Objective:This study aimed to (1) explore whether mobility test performance differed between those who lived in urban and rural communities, and (2) report preliminary reference values for these tests according to residential setting.Methods:The study used a descriptive design. Individuals who were aged 60 years and above, had no significant disability, and resided in urban and rural areas in the Philippines (n=180), participated in the study. Researchers measured mobility performance using the 10-Meter Walk Test (10MWT) (both comfortable gait velocity (CGV) and fast gait velocity (FGV)), Five Times Sit to Stand Test (FTSST), and Six-Minute Walk Test (6MWT). Preliminary reference values for the mobility tests were presented as means, standard deviations, and 95% confidence intervals. Scores were compared based on residential setting (urban versus rural).Results:Urban-dwellers scored consistently better compared to their rural counterparts on the CGV, FGV, FTSST, and 6MWT using independent samples t-test (p<0.001). Data were further divided according to age and sex, and comparison of the mobility test scores between urban- and rural-dwellers within each subgroup showed similar differences (p<0.01).Conclusion:Results provide preliminary evidence for the influence of residential setting on the mobility test performance of Filipino older adults. The study provides a good starting point for confirmatory research with a representative sample to (1) illustrate differences in mobility performance according to residential setting, (2) investigate how specific factors associated with residential settings contribute to differences in mobility performance, and (3) determine the extent to which clinicians should consider an older person’s residential setting when interpreting mobility test results.

IntroductionInsufficient literature exists regarding the clinimetric properties of the Upright Motor Control Test Knee Extension and Flexion subtests (UMCT‐KE and UMCT‐KF, respectively). This study examined the interrater and test‐retest reliability of these subtests, and determined the relationship between the UMCT‐KE and a clinical measure of muscle function in a sample of adults with chronic stroke.MethodsThree raters independently administered the UMCT‐KE and UMCT‐KF on adults with chronic stroke with spasticity/abnormal movement patterns. Testing of each participant occurred on two occasions (T1 and T2) separated by a two‐week interval. A fourth rater independently administered the Five Times Sit to Stand Test (FTSST), a measure of lower extremity muscle function (power), on T2.ResultsTwenty‐nine adults aged 55 ± 8 years, comprising 21 men (72%), and who were 9 ± 5 years poststroke, completed the study. Most of the participants (66%, 19/29) did not require an assistive device during walking. The UMCT‐KE and UMCT‐KF demonstrated substantial interrater reliability (W = 0.63–0.67 and 0.72–0.75, respectively) and substantial to almost perfect test‐retest reliability across the raters (W = 0.75–0.82 and 0.85–0.87, respectively). The UMCT‐KE showed positive inverse correlation with the FTSST (ρ = −0.52, p = .003).ConclusionsScores on both subtests are reproducible within raters and across different raters. The relationship of UMCT‐KE scores with FTSST scores implies that the UMCT‐KE can provide information that relates with the construct of muscle function in a weight‐bearing position.

Background Physical activity mass media campaigns can deliver physical activity messages to many people, but it remains unclear whether they offer good value for money. We aimed to investigate the cost-effectiveness, cost-utility, and costs of physical activity mass media campaigns. Methods A search for economic evaluations (trial- or model-based) and costing studies of physical activity mass media campaigns was performed in six electronic databases (June/2021). The authors reviewed studies independently. A GRADE style rating was used to assess the overall certainty of each modelled economic evaluation. Results were summarised via narrative synthesis. Results Twenty-five studies (five model-based economic evaluations and 20 costing studies) were included, and all were conducted in high-income countries except for one costing study that was conducted in a middle-income country. The methods and assumptions used in the model-based analyses were highly heterogeneous and the results varied, ranging from the intervention being more effective and less costly (dominant) in two models to an incremental cost of US$130,740 (2020 base year) per QALY gained. The level of certainty of the models ranged from very low (n = 2) to low (n = 3). Overall, intervention costs were poorly reported. Conclusions There are few economic evaluations of physical activity mass media campaigns available. The level of certainty of the models was judged to be very low to low, indicating that we have very little to little confidence that the results are reliable for decision making. Therefore, it remains unclear to what extent physical activity mass media campaigns offer good value for money. Future economic evaluations should consider selecting appropriate and comprehensive measures of campaign effectiveness, clearly report the assumptions of the models and fully explore the impact of assumptions in the results. Review registration https://bit.ly/3tKSBZ3

This study aimed to evaluate the cross-cultural validity of the Filipino version of the Attitude to Disability Scale Physical Disability (Fil-ADS(D)) forms and to describe Filipinos' disability attitudes and its correlations with sociodemographic factors. Methods: Personal and general Fil-ADS(D) forms were distributed to Filipino persons with disability and general adult population, respectively, for self-administration. Confirmatory factor analysis was used to assess cross-cultural validity of Fil-ADS(D). Fil-ADS(D) score correlations with age, education, and financial situation were explored through Spearman rank correlation analysis; correlations with sex, employment, and health and disability status were explored through point-biserial correlation analysis. Results: Factor structure of the original ADS was retained in the Fil-ADS(D) forms making it crossculturally valid. The forms are valuable for generating information for improving attitudinal barriers and for cross-cultural comparisons. Positive attitudes among respondents and significant yet weak correlation with age and occupation were found.