Surface water and groundwater are two interrelated components, where the influence of one automatically affects the quantity and quality of the other. These exchange flows are robustly influenced by some mechanisms such as permeability, lithological nature of the soil, landscape, in addition to the difference between the hydrometric height of the river and the piezometric level of groundwater. The study area of Bou Ahmed plain is vulnerable to intensive pumping mainly in the coastal fringe. The increase in water demand, due to demographic development, is accompanied by pressure on groundwater abstraction which causes significant drops of the groundwater level. The main objectives of this study are to develop Geographic Information System database and mathematical models to analyze spatial and temporal hydrogeological characteristics and hydrodynamic functioning of groundwater flow of the Bou Ahmed aquifer. The present work exhibits the characteristics of the river-groundwater exchanges in an alluvial plain. Therefore, we quantified the flows exchanged between a river and its groundwater using GIS tools along with measurements of parameters obtained by the differential gauging, which was carried out in the field, and hydrogeological boreholes data. These quantified flows, moreover, enabled us to eventually estimate the uncertainties related to the use of the GIS method. These results will also be used to support a set of groundwater simulations based on MODFLOW code in the Bou Ahmad aquifer. These models also associated with develop Geographic Information System will help to better plan, manage and control the groundwater resources of this aquifer.
The objective of this study is to evaluate the effect of wind turbine spacing in large wind farm on the total energy loss of the wind farm, the power loss is due to the wake effect between wind turbines, on a site gathering several wind turbines, if the wind turbines are too close, the loss of power increases with the wake effect. This paper presents an investigation into optimal wind farm layout in 88 wind farm configurations of a hypothetical WF in Tarfaya, to search the optimal number of Wind Turbines (WTs), the wind farm are Installed on an area of 35 km2 (7000m×5000m), with the aim to maximize the electrical power generated by all WTs and grows the annual economic profitability of the WF, in order to approve the result of this investigation a new approach based on the division of the wind farm in the sub domain method is proposed, to search the optimal location of Wind Turbines by mean an RCGA (Real Coded Genetic Algorithm). This new proposed approach is promising in terms of the applicability in large wind farm. It is also more suitable when performing the wind farm layout assessment in WPP (Wind Power Project).
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