The purpose of this study was to construct and validate a “Perceived Physical Literacy Instrument” (PPLI) for physical education teachers. Based on literature review and focus group interviews, an 18-item instrument was developed for the initial tests. This self-report measure, using a 5-point Likert scale, formed the PPLI and was administered to 336 physical education teachers in Hong Kong. The sample was randomly split, and exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses resulted in a 9-item, 3-factor scale. Exploratory factor analysis (EFA) item loadings ranged from 0.69 to 0.87, and Cronbach’s alpha ranged from 0.73 to 0.76. Confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) showed that the construct demonstrated good fit to the model. The PPLI thus appeared to be reliable and valid to measure the perceived physical literacy of physical education teachers. It is argued that the instrument can be used for both research and applied purposes and potential uses for the instrument in physical education, medical and health settings are discussed.

Background/ObjectiveThe purpose of this study is to examine the reliability and validity of “Perceived Physical Literacy Instrument” (PPLI) questionnaire in adolescents.MethodsBased on physical literacy literature, a 9-item instrument was developed for initial tests. The self-report measure was administered to 1945 adolescents in Hong Kong. Confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) was used to examine a three-factor structure of physical literacy. A chi-square difference test analysed several competing models and compared the results between the proposed models (i.e., a three-factor solution) and other alternative models (i.e., a one-factor or two-factor solution). Furthermore, the measurement invariance across gender groups was examined by using multiple-group confirmatory factor analysis. Mean scores for physical literacy factors were also examined by demographic characteristics.ResultsConfirmatory factor analysis (CFA) showed that the construct demonstrated a good fit to the model. For convergent validity, our results, evaluating the factor loading of each items, the values of composite reliability (CR) and the average variance extracted (AVE) of the three factors, revealed that the three-factor validity of physical literacy was satisfactory. The chi-square difference test between models was significant indicating that all the latent variables had satisfactory discriminant validity. Moreover, the findings of measurement invariance showed that the PPLI is invariant across gender.ConclusionsThe PPLI thus appeared to be reliable and valid as a measure of the perceived physical literacy of adolescents. Thus, along with other validated instruments, protocols and research designs, the PPLI could be widely used to test adolescents' self-perception of physical literacy and their own physical and mental health conditions and thereby health. Physical education professionals may thus recommend appropriate intervention programmes for younger generations.

PurposeThis study examined the relationships between service encounter, perceived value, and repurchase intention in the fitness service sector through the theoretical lens of service-dominant logic. In addition, the mediating role of perceived value and the moderating role of service innovativeness were examined.Design/methodology/approachParticipants (n = 806) were drawn from fitness center customers in Taiwan using a convenience sampling technique. Partial least square structural equation modeling was used to test the hypotheses in the research model.FindingsThe results showed that service encounter had a positive impact on perceived value, which in turn affected repurchase intention. Moreover, the full mediating effect of perceived value was identified in the relationship between service encounter and repurchase intention. In addition, service innovativeness positively moderated the effect of service encounter on repurchase intention.Originality/valueThis study provides empirical evidence on the impact of staff-customer interactions (i.e. service encounter) on customers' perceptions and behaviors and identifies the critical role of perceived value as a mediating mechanism as well as a facilitating role of service innovativeness in enhancing repurchase intention.

Research has suggested that coaches who possess a proactive personality have greater job performance. However, contextual factors that may serve as behaviors conditions have received insufficient attention in the research. Accordingly, this study proposed organizational citizenship behavior as a mediation in the positive relationship between proactive personality and job satisfaction. We have 91 paired, completed questionnaires which formed the basis of the data analysis. Our results suggest that significant correlation between proactive personality, job performance, and OCB. Additionally, OCB mediated between proactive personality and job performance. Our findings provide strong evidence that a high degree of proactive personality among sports coaches has a significant and crucial influence on their OCB and job performance.

The authors attempt to explain why the generally accepted models built on consumer socialization theory do not sufficiently capture supporting consumer socialization behavior. According to marketing literature, social interaction may influence consumer behavior. The purpose of this study is to understand the behavior of consumers engaged in marathon running. The authors use three types of consumer socialization constructed factors (intergenerational influences, peer influences, and traditional media) and examine their effects on event conformity. A total of 299 marathon runners who were runners in one or more marathon running responded to the survey. The findings highlight social interaction as an influence on the consumer behavior of those engaged in marathon running. Meanwhile, our support conformity moderated the relationship between the intergenerationally influenced and marathon running behavior in marathon events. The authors emphasize the importance of reflecting on different relationships (consumer-related skills, knowledge, and attitudes) in understanding supporting consumer socialization behavior.