West, this species was selected for study. The investigations were designed to determine its response to various intensities, frequencies, and seasons of herbage removal under favorable (artificially watered) and unfavorable (arid) environment. The responses were evaluated on the basis of forage yield, chemical composition of herbage, apparent vigor, seed production, root yield, and root reserves. • REVIEW OR LITERATURE The effect of frequency and intensity of clipping on the yield and vigor of various pasture and range plants has received considerable study. These investigations have dealt with a great variety of conditions and methods and in general they show that yield and vigor decrease as frequency or intensity of clipping is increased (

Determining the percentage of ground covered by shrubby vegetation is an integral part of range inventory and of range condition and trend studies. Measurement of plant cover is used in making site descriptions and in studying brush control, seeding, and grazing management. A change in plant cover often reflects a change in management practices. No accurate method of measuring plant cover has been devised. In most instances only an estimation of plant cover is made. However, Smith (1944) showed that cover estimates vary significantly among individuals on different days and even on the same day. Many range technicians, land managers, and ecologists have recognized the need for a rapid, accurate, and easyto-use method of measuring plant cover. The loop procedure of the Parker 3-Step Method is used widely in condition and trend studies. Ash-inch loop is utilized to obtain the plant density index, a frequency measurement. Recently, Johnston (1957) employed the loop procedure to

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