Non-destructive testing (NDT) techniques play an important role in the characterization and diagnosis of historic buildings, keeping in mind their conservation and possible rehabilitation. This paper presents a new approach that merges building information modeling (BIM) with environment geospatial data obtained by several non-destructive techniques, namely terrestrial laser scanning, ground-penetrating radar, infrared thermography, and the automatic classification of pathologies based on RGB (red, green, blue) imaging acquired with an unmanned aircraft system (UAS). This approach was applied to the inspection of the Monastery of Batalha in Leiria, Portugal, a UNESCO World Heritage Site. To assess the capabilities of each technique, different parts of the monastery were examined, namely (i) part of its west façade, including a few protruding buttresses, and (ii) the masonry vaults of the Church (nave, right-hand aisle, and transept) and the Founder’s Chapel. After describing the employed techniques, a discussion of the optimization, treatment and integration of the acquired data through the BIM approach is presented. This work intends to contribute to the application of BIM in the field of cultural heritage, aiming at its future use in different activities such as facility management, support in the restoration and rehabilitation process, and research.
A study was conducted to evaluate the performance of glued laminated timber (glulam) of maritime pine treated with a copper azole preservative product. Shear strength of glue lines met the requirements of EN 386 (2001) with no influence of clamping pressure and cure temperature. According to the same standard, delamination was satisfactory for higher cure temperatures applied with a clamping pressure of 0.6 N/mm 2. Finger joints made with treated wood gave satisfactory bending strength. The preservative treatment did not influence the modulus of elasticity of the beams. According to a Monte Carlo simulation and following the requirements of EN 1194 (2002), glulam of class GL 28c can be manufactured if visually graded maritime pine of classes E and EE (NP 4305 1995) is used in the inner and outer lamellas, respectively, and class GL 24h when using both grades in equal proportions randomly distributed through the glulam element. Herstellung von Brettschichtholz aus mit Kupferazol behandelter Strandkiefer Zusammenfassung In dieser Studie wurden die Eigenschaften von Brettschichtholz (Glulam) aus Strandkiefernholz, das mit Kupferazol-Schutzmittel behandelt wurde, untersucht. Die Scherfestigkeit der Klebstofffugen erfüllte die Anforderungen der EN 386 (2001). Dabei hatten der Pressdruck und die Aushärtungstemperatur keinen Einfluss. Bei höheren Aushärtungstemperaturen und einem Spanndruck von 0,6 N/mm² ergaben sich bezüglich den Anforderungen der EN 386 zufrieden stellende Delaminierungsergebnisse. Die Biegefestigkeit der Keilzinkenverbindungen aus behandeltem Holz war ebenfalls zufrieden stellend. Die Schutzmittelbehandlung hatte keinen Einfluss auf den E-Modul der Träger. Eine Monte-Carlo-Simulation ergab, dass auf Basis der EN 1194 (2002) Brettschichtholz der Klasse GL 28c hergestellt werden kann, wenn für die inneren bzw. äußeren Lamellen visuell sortiertes Strandkiefernholz der Klassen E bzw. EE (NP 4305:1995) verwendet wird, oder dass Klasse GL24h hergestellt werden kann, wenn beide Klassen zu gleichen Anteilen zufällig im Querschnitt verteilt verwendet werden.
This work focuses on studying the possibility of 3D printing of composite materials composed by cork and a polymer matrix (CPC). Initially the cork was mixed with two types of polymers (HDPE and PP) in different proportions and later processed using extrusion and injection. The composites were tested to study the physical, chemical and mechanical properties. The material was then tested on a large-scale 3D printer to study its feasibility and the ability to produce new products through 3D printing. Attention was focused on the use of pure cork, varying the concentration of cork and coupling agent in thermoplastic matrix composites of PP and HDPE. It was demonstrated that the increase of 5wt.% of coupling agent in the two types of polymers significantly improved the mechanical properties and adhesion between the phases but the increase in cork concentration decreased mechanical properties and crystallinity. The CPCs with PP showed to have better mechanical properties, better aesthetic and internal structural quality, and easier processability than those with HDPE matrix. Nevertheless, the HDPE CPCs showed a high degree of crystallization. Concerning 3D printing, it was demonstrated the possibility of making new products based on natural cork fibers, showing promising results, although additional research is still needed to optimize the process.
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