Abstract. Sanitizable signature schemes, as defined by Ateniese et al. (ESORICS 2005), allow a signer to partly delegate signing rights to another party, called the sanitizer. That is, the sanitizer is able to modify a predetermined part of the original message such that the integrity and authenticity of the unchanged part is still verifiable. Ateniese et al. identify five security requirements for such schemes (unforgeability, immutability, privacy, transparency and accountability) but do not provide formal specifications for these properties. They also present a scheme that is supposed to satisfy these requirements.Here we revisit the security requirements for sanitizable signatures and, for the first time, present a comprehensive formal treatment. Besides a full characterization of the requirements we also investigate the relationship of the properties, showing for example that unforgeability follows from accountability. We then provide a full security proof for a modification of the original scheme according to our model.
Models are valuable tools to assess how deeply we understand complex systems: only if we are able to replicate the output of a system based on the function of its subcomponents can we assume that we have probably grasped its principles of operation. On the other hand, discrepancies between model results and measurements reveal gaps in our current knowledge, which can in turn be targeted by matched experiments. Models of the auditory periphery have improved greatly during the last decades, and account for many phenomena observed in experiments. While the cochlea is only partly accessible in experiments, models can extrapolate its behavior without gap from base to apex and with arbitrary input signals. With models we can for example evaluate speech coding with large speech databases, which is not possible experimentally, and models have been tuned to replicate features of the human hearing organ, for which practically no invasive electrophysiological measurements are available. Auditory models have become instrumental in evaluating models of neuronal sound processing in the auditory brainstem and even at higher levels, where they are used to provide realistic input, and finally, models can be used to illustrate how such a complicated system as the inner ear works by visualizing its responses. The big advantage there is that intermediate steps in various domains (mechanical, electrical, and chemical) are available, such that a consistent picture of the evolvement of its output can be drawn. However, it must be kept in mind that no model is able to replicate all physiological characteristics (yet) and therefore it is critical to choose the most appropriate model—or models—for every research question. To facilitate this task, this paper not only reviews three recent auditory models, it also introduces a framework that allows researchers to easily switch between models. It also provides uniform evaluation and visualization scripts, which allow for direct comparisons between models.
or reflective environments. If high synthesis quality is needed, miniature microphone measurements are performed in the ear canals of each individual user (individual measurement). Sometimes impulse responses measured in the ear canals of one individual are used for synthesis for other persons (non-individual measurement). In most other cases, artificial head measurements are used. This paper considers the dependence of the perceived distance of auditory images (externalization) on the measurement procedure (individual, non-individual, or artificial head) and on the recording environment (anechoic or reflective). For each measurement, the same system and the same setup, especially the same geometric parameters, are used. Differences in the corresponding impulse response databases are determined and related to the subjective relative externalization differences in the front, in the back, and to both sides. For each direction, a seven point rating scale was used. Statistical analysis suggests that the applied measurement parameters influence the externalization of auditory images: reverberation in impulse responses increases externalization significantly if a human head is used for recording. If the considered artificial head (Neumann KU 80) is used, only a marginal increase in externalization occurs.
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