Bacteria and archaea have developed multiple antiviral mechanisms, and genomic evidence indicates that several of these antiviral systems co-occur in the same strain. Here, we introduce DefenseFinder, a tool that automatically detects known antiviral systems in prokaryotic genomes. We use DefenseFinder to analyse 21000 fully sequenced prokaryotic genomes, and find that antiviral strategies vary drastically between phyla, species and strains. Variations in composition of antiviral systems correlate with genome size, viral threat, and lifestyle traits. DefenseFinder will facilitate large-scale genomic analysis of antiviral defense systems and the study of host-virus interactions in prokaryotes.
Facing the abundance and diversity of phages, bacteria have developed multiple anti-phage mechanisms. In the past three years, the number of known anti-phage mechanisms has been expanded by at least 5-fold rendering our view of prokaryotic immunity obsolete. Most anti-phage systems have been studied as standalone mechanisms, however many examples demonstrate strains encode not one but several anti-viral mechanisms. How these different systems integrate into an anti-viral arsenal at the strain level remains to be elucidated. Much could be learned from establishing fundamental description of features such as the number and diversity of anti-phage systems encoded in a given genome. To address this question, we developed DefenseFinder, a tool that automatically detects known anti-phage systems in prokaryotic genomes. We applied DefenseFinder to >20 000 fully sequenced genomes, generating a systematic and quantitative view of the anti-viral arsenal of prokaryotes. We show prokaryotic genomes encode on average five anti-phage systems from three different families of systems. This number varies drastically from one strain to another and is influenced by the genome size and the number of prophages encoded. Distributions of different systems are also very heterogenous with some systems being enriched in prophages and in specific clades. Finally, we provide a detailed comparison of the anti-viral arsenal of 15 common bacterial species, revealing drastic differences in anti-viral strategies. Overall, our work provides a free and open-source software, available as a command line tool or, on webserver. It allows the rapid detection of anti-phage systems, enables a comprehensive description of the anti-viral arsenal of prokaryotes and paves the way for large scale genomics study in the field of anti-phage defense.
scite is a Brooklyn-based organization that helps researchers better discover and understand research articles through Smart Citations–citations that display the context of the citation and describe whether the article provides supporting or contrasting evidence. scite is used by students and researchers from around the world and is funded in part by the National Science Foundation and the National Institute on Drug Abuse of the National Institutes of Health.