Orchidaceae has known as an attractive flower and immense species. We have found a large species of Orchidaceae grow naturally in Papua's jungle, Indonesia territorial. This study aims to reveal genetic variation and genetic relationships among endemic orchids in Papua based on RAPD markers. The study included 26 accessions of Papua's endemic orchids used for genomic DNA extraction. Genomic DNAs were extracted by using DNA extraction kit from Qiagen and genomic DNA amplification by using 10 decamer RAPD primers. DNA fragments that were amplified by Polymerase Change Reaction (PCR) were visualized and documented by using UV illumination apparatus. Genetically, endemic Orchids in Papua were described high variation. Fragments amplification by using ten RAPD primers and performed in the PCR tools resulted in 54 numbers of polymorphic fragments and no monomorphic band. The number of polymorphic bands per primer ranged from 4 to 7 with averaged 5.4 bands per assay unit. The genetic dissimilarities (GDs) among examined orchids ranged from 0.10 to 0.94 based on Nei's unbiased coefficients. Dendrogram construction showed that Papua's endemic orchid (PEO) samples different from another and separated to form group by their own at the 0.40 coefficient value and at the 0.6 coefficient value indicate that PEO sample is divided into nine groups i.e. samples at the genera level were separated into their own groups.

Sago mushrooms (Volvariella sp.) were known as edible mushroom which grow sporadically on decay of sagopith waste in Papua. Local people in Papua always hunting and harvesting sago mushrooms which are growingwild on decayed sago pith waste. People were enjoyed consumption of sago mushrooms. The aims of this researchwere to study nutrient contents of sago mushrooms as well as to distinguish the difference of morphologicalcharacters between sago mushroom and paddy straw mushroom which popular in Indonesia. Sago mushroomswere collected from Yapen regency, Papua Province and measured for their nutrient contents and morphologicalcharacteristics. The results of this research showed that morphological characteristic of sago mushroom differfrom paddy straw mushroom and other edible mushroom. Nutrient contents of Sago mushroom per 100 gramsfresh weigh were follows: protein 4.00 g, carbohydrate 2.99 g, lipid 0.19 g, calcium 11.53 mg, phosphorous 0.31 g,and potassium 165.05 mg. Nutrient contents of sago mushroom were very different from that of paddy strawmushroom and others mushrooms of the genus Volvariella. Based on morphological characteristic and nutrientcontents of Sago mushrooms, we suggest that sago mushrooms is a new species.

Sago mushrooms are edible fungus which it grew naturally on decaying sago pith. The objectives of the research were defined an appropriate formulation medium for growth and development of stipe tissue of sago mushroom in order to result spawn stages. The parent of the tissues used as explants were selected from the best performance of sago mushroom which grew naturally. The research divided into three experiments: 1) Initiation of growth hyphae from stipe tissue; 2) hyphae proliferation; and 3) spawn formation. Murashige and Skoog (MS) and Knudson-C (KN) medium enriched 15 and 30% coconut water are the best medium for growth initiation and proliferation of hyphae. Both of these medium induced the explant grew rapidly and resulted vigorous hyphae. No different effect among concentration treatment of coconut water was observed for initiation and proliferation hyphae. The fact that all of the formulation medium used for spawn formation were able to induce spawn development become spawn stage. Even so, the best mediums for spawn formation were medium formulation 9 and 10. ABSTRAKJamur sagu (Volvariella sp.) adalah jamur pangan yang tumbuh secara alami pada ampas sagu yang sedang melapuk. Penelitian ini bertujuan menentukan formulasi media yang sesuai untuk pertumbuhan dan perkembangan jaringan tungkai dari jamur sagu untuk menghasilkan biakan induk jamur sagu. Tetua jamur sagu yang digunakan sebagai sumber eksplan merupakan jamur sagu yang tumbuh secara alami (wild types) di tempat buangan ampas sagu yang sedang melapuk. Penelitian ini terdiri atas tiga percobaan, yaitu: 1) inisiasi pertumbuhan hifa dari jaringan stipe; 2) proliferasi hifa; dan 3) pembentukan spawn. Media yang terbaik untuk inisiasi pertumbuhan dan proliferasi hifa adalah media MS dan KN yang diperkaya dengan air kelapa 15 dan 30%. Kedua media tersebut menginduksi pertumbuhan eksplan dengan cepat dan menghasilkan hifa yang vigor. Tidak ada perbedaan di antara perlakuan air kelapa yang dicobakan pada proses inisiasi dan proliferasi hifa jamur sagu. Faktanya, semua formulasi media biji-bijian yang digunakan pada penelitian ini dapat digunakan sebagai media untuk menghasilkan biakan induk (spawn stages) jamur sagu. Formulasi media sorgum (formulasi media 9 dan 10) merupakan media yang terbaik menginduksi pertumbuhan dan perkembangan miselium menjadi biakan induk.

<em>Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk melihat pengaruh penggunaan pupuk anorganik dan pupuk organik terhadap  pertumbuhan dan hasil tanaman tomat. Metode yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah metode eksperimen dengan percobaan di pot yang dirancang dengan Rancangan Petak Terbagi (split plot design) menggunakan rancangan dasar Rancangan Acak Kelompok (RAK). Percobaan ini terdiri dari 2 faktor, yaitu pupuk anorganik sebagai petak utama dan pupuk organik sebagai anak petak dengan 10 kombinasi perlakuan. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa perlakuan pupuk organik cair hanya memberikan pengaruh yang nyata terhadap berat buah per tanaman dan berat rata-rata per buah. Pupuk organik Biolef memberikan hasil terbaik pada penelitian ini.</em>

The purpose of this study is to determine the effect of plant spacing on growth and yield of scallions. The experiment was designed in a randomized block design consisting of six form spacing treatments namely square 20 cm x 20 cm (BJ1), rectangle 25 cm x 16 cm (BJ2), rectangle 40 cm x 10 cm (BJ3), rectangle 30 cm x 30 cm (BJ4), rectangle 36 cm x 25 cm (BJ5), and rectangle 40 cm x 22.5 cm (BJ6) which were repeated four times.������������ The results showed that the spacing significantly affected plant height, number of tillers, fresh weight per plant and fresh weight per plot. Forms of plant spacing on 900 cm²/plant area, such as square 30 cm x 30 cm, rectangle 36 cm x 25 cm, and rectangle 40 cm x 22.5 cm produced plant height, number of tillers, fresh weight per plant, and fresh weight per plot better than spacing to a range area of 400 cm²/plant. Furthermore, form of a rectangular spacing of 36 cm x 25 cm (BJ5) produced the highest plant height, number of tillers, fresh weight per plant and fresh weight per plot compared to other treatments.

Sago mushroom (Volvariella sp.) was known as edible mushroom, which taste delicious and use as protein sources of local people in Papua. Sago mushroom has high nutrition contents, high prices, and broadly market opportunity. The objectives of research were investigated growth and development of inoculum hyphae on various growing medium. The growth and development medium used in this experiment was called M1, M2, M3, M4, and M5 formulation medium.� The results of experiment showed that all of the five formulation mediums were supported of growth abundant hyphae.� Growth and development of hyphae to form pinhead, egg, elongation, and maturity stages were observed at M1, M2, and M4 formulation medium, but not at M3 and M5 formulation medium.� M5 formulation medium just supported of growing hyphae and M3 formulation medium supported of growth and development hyphae become pinhead stages but not developed to further stages.

Sago palm need to be cultivated intensively for increasing carbohydrate resources to anticipate the deficiency of energy sources of the world. This study aims to measure the influences of sago dregs to the sag palm growth in the field. The experimental method used in this works was Randomized Block Design that consisting of five treatments sago dregs weights in the russet stages of sago palm. The composition of the treatment is follows: without sago dregs (P0), 5 kg sago dregs tree-1 (P1), 10 kg of sago dregs tree-1 (P2), 15 kg sago dregs tree-1 (P3), 20 kg sago dregs tree-1 (P4). The results showed that sago dregs had a significant effect of the spear leaves growth, but not significantly effect of the plant height growth, number of leaflets growth, and number of leaflets. Utilization of 10 kg sago dregs tree-1 as mulch was calculated influence of the spear leaf growth and utilization of 20 kg sago dregs as mulch inhibitory of sago palm growth.

This research aimed to study the effect of garlic extract on the growth of stem cuttings of several types of bougainvillea and used a factorial randomized block design (RAK) with two factors. First factor is garlic extract in 2 levels,  (with or without garlic extract). Second factor 2 is the type of bougainvillea consisting of 5 varieties such as yellow flowers, dark purple flowers, white flowers, red flowers and orange flowers. The results showed that the interaction between onion extract and bougainvillea had no significant effect on all observed variables (sprouting time, number of shoots, shoot length, number of roots, root length, percentage of cuttings sprouted and percentage of rooted cuttings). Garlic extract had no significant effect on all observed variables. There was a tendency for cuttings given garlic extract to show a faster age of budding, more shoots, longer roots and more roots. The type of bougainvillea gave a very significant effect on all observed variables except the number of shoots. Red flowers show the earliest age to start sprouting (16.80 days), the longest shoots (26.03 cm) and the longest roots (9.43 cm). Orange flowers performed the highest number of shoots (4.79), the highest percentage of shoots (96.67%) and the highest percentage of roots (96.67). Yellow flowers showed the latest sprouting time (37.08 days), the shortest shoot length (2.51 cm), the shortest root length (1.56 cm), and the least number of roots (1.06). Dark purple flowers showed the lowest percentage of budding and root percentage (63.33%).