This paper is a review of leadership research, focusing primarily on women as leaders. The more recent perspective of studying leaders by examining followers is included; but research is sparse as to how leaders are perceived as empowering by their subordinates. A study in progress, conducted by Denmark, Nielson, and Scholl, indicates that stereotypes were more typically held by women against female leaders. However, a leader's ability to be empowering varies with status. The higher the status, the more empowering that individual is perceived, whether female or male. Yet, more men than women held higher status positions. More women are needed in high‐level positions to better assess leadership and empowerment.

This article is intended primarily for psychologists and for students of psychology who are developing skills in research design and methodology. It has become clear that much research on human and animal behavior incorporates a variety of forms of sexism. Such sexism introduces unwanted bias into the research.The elimination of gender bias in psychological research is an important concern for the discipline of psychology. Researchers should attempt to achieve the highest methodological and ethical standards. To help to enhance the quality of psychological research, the Board of Social and Ethical Responsibility for Psychology formed an Ad Hoc Committee on Nonsexist Research to develop materials to educate psychologists about ways to eliminate gender bias in research. This article was developed under the auspices of that committee, which was composed of representatives from the Board of Scientific Affairs, the Board of Social and Ethical Responsibility for Psychology, and the Committee on Women in Psychology.Reviews of the literature document the pervasiveness of gender bias at all stages of research: question formulation, research design, data analysis and interpretation, and conclusion formulation. This document identifies some of the ways that gender bias can affect research at each of these stages. The examples given are derived from current literature. The discussion on the following pages is intended to illustrate general problems. "It is not exhaustive. Additional sources of information are also listed.Whenever values and assumptions---whether related to gender, race, ethnicity, disability, sexual orientation, or socioeconomic status--affect the research process, bias can operate. This article focuses on gender, but the principles illustrated here apply to other forms of bias as well.This article provides examples of common avoidable problems as well as suggestions for eliminating such bias.

Perinatal death affects nearly one-third of all pregnant women (Toedter, Lasker, & Alhadeff, 1988). Of the different forms of perinatal death, this study explored the psychological impact of grief and stress in couples who experienced a miscarriage. Using the Grief Experience Inventory—Loss Version and The Impact of Event Scale, this study specifically looked at the differences between the couple in how they grieve and experience the stress of the miscarriage. Profile analyses indicated that the women's overall response pattern to the bereavement scales was different from their partners. In addition, women reported significantly higher Intrusive Distress than their partners. Results suggest that a miscarriage affects the woman and her partner, as well as the relationship of the couple. The major purpose of this investigation was to study the psychological experience of a miscarriage, and to determine if women and their partners experience the loss differently.

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This article examines the status of women in psychology internationally. Earlier research is reviewed and compared with recent findings, including a survey responded to by 40 individuals from countries around the world. Although improvements for women have been noted in many areas, problems of sexism and antifeminism still exist. The importance of comparative analyses across countries because of increasing worldwide interaction among psychologists is noted.