Introduction: Monitoring resistance to first line Antiretroviral therapy (ART) is crucial in preventing accumulation of viral mutations following the implementation of the World Health Organization “treat all” initiative. We estimated the rate and predictors of virological treatment failure among adults living with HIV/AIDS in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania. Methodology: A retrospective cohort study involving adults aged 18 and above receiving first line ART in Dar as Salaam between 2016 and 2018 were recruited using multistage random sampling. Clinical and laboratory data were extracted from Care and Treatment Clinic database-2 (CTC2) followed by participant’s interviews. Adjusted Cox-regression modelling was used to determine independent predictors of treatment failure. Results: A total of 340 participants with mean age of 37 were recruited. Overall, 10.59% had virological failure and the rate of failure was 5.24 (95% CI:3.72; 7.27) per 100 person-months at risk with a median failure time of 18 months. Independent predictors of treatment failure were being a male (Adjusted hazard ratio (aHR) 2.78, 95%CI:1.16;6.63), having used treatment for less than two years (aHR, 12.48, 95%CI:3.64-22.71) and co-infection with Tuberculosis (aHR 2.1, 95%CI: 1.0;5.9). Conclusions: HIV virological failure occurs early during treatment in this population. Male clients, co-infected with Tuberculosis were at higher risk of ART failure within two years of treatment. Substantial stride has been made towards the achievement of the last UNAIDS 90 goal but tailored counseling and close monitoring of HIV/TB co-infected male clients following ART initiation could accelerate efforts to close the gap. Further studies on pre-treatment drug resistance mutations are called for.

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Background Fishing communities are a subpopulation burdened by human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), mainly due to their mobility and cash income access. Strategies to mitigate the spread of HIV in fishing communities have varying outcomes. We conducted a study to determine the prevalence of HIV, recent infection and associated factors among fishing communities at Lake Victoria in Tanzania. Methods We conducted a cross-sectional study in the first quarter of 2019. The participants' information was collected using a structured questionnaire. Blood samples were screened for HIV infection; the positive samples were tested for avidity and viral load to determine the recent infection. Logistic regression analysis was used to determine the factors associated with HIV infection. Results A total of 1048 individuals were included with a mean age of 34 years (SD ± 11.5). The overall prevalence of HIV was 9.1%, while 7.4% had a recent infection. Lack of formal education, being separated/divorced/widowed, transactional sex, history of sexually transmitted infections, not tested for HIV in the last 12 months had 1.7 to three times more odds of contracting HIV. Conclusion A proportion of HIV recent infection among the fisherfolks was relatively high, signifying the continuous spread, which is predisposed by some demographic and behavioural characteristics.