Tomato high pigment (hp) mutants are characterized by their exaggerated photoresponsiveness. Light-grown hp mutants display elevated levels of anthocyanins, are shorter and darker than wild-type plants, and have dark green immature fruits due to the overproduction of chlorophyll pigments. It has been proposed that HP genes encode negative regulators of phytochrome signal transduction. We have cloned the HP-2 gene and found that it encodes the tomato homolog of the nuclear protein DEETIOLATED1 (DET1) from Arabidopsis. Mutations in DET1 are known to result in con-stitutive deetiolation in darkness. In contrast to det1 mutants, tomato hp-2 mutants do not display any visible phenotypes in the dark but only very weak phenotypes, such as partial chloroplast development. Furthermore, whereas det1 mutations are epistatic to mutations in phytochrome genes, analysis of similar double mutants in tomato showed that manifestation of the phenotype of the hp-2 mutant is strictly dependent upon the presence of active phytochrome. Because only one DET1 gene is likely to be present in each of the two species, our data suggest that the phytochrome sig-naling pathways in which the corresponding proteins function are regulated differently in Arabidopsis and tomato.

Tomato high pigment ( hp ) mutants are characterized by their exaggerated photoresponsiveness. Light-grown hp mutants display elevated levels of anthocyanins, are shorter and darker than wild-type plants, and have dark green immature fruits due to the overproduction of chlorophyll pigments. It has been proposed that HP genes encode negative regulators of phytochrome signal transduction. We have cloned the HP-2 gene and found that it encodes the tomato homolog of the nuclear protein DEETIOLATED1 (DET1) from Arabidopsis. Mutations in DET1 are known to result in constitutive deetiolation in darkness. In contrast to det1 mutants, tomato hp-2 mutants do not display any visible phenotypes in the dark but only very weak phenotypes, such as partial chloroplast development. Furthermore, whereas det1 mutations are epistatic to mutations in phytochrome genes, analysis of similar double mutants in tomato showed that manifestation of the phenotype of the hp-2 mutant is strictly dependent upon the presence of active phytochrome. Because only one DET1 gene is likely to be present in each of the two species, our data suggest that the phytochrome signaling pathways in which the corresponding proteins function are regulated differently in Arabidopsis and tomato. INTRODUCTIONLight is a critical environmental signal controlling many aspects of plant development. For example, dark-grown plants display a typical etiolated morphology with elongated hypocotyls, closed apical hooks, and unexpanded cotyledons, whereas plants grown in the light have short hypocotyls, opened apical hooks, and expanded photosynthetically active cotyledons. Light is perceived by a series of photoreceptors that can detect light within a wide spectral range. The phytochromes are the best characterized of these photoreceptors and are able to intercept light primarily within the red and far-red regions of the spectrum (Furuya and Schäfer, 1996). They exist as multigene families, for example, PHYA to PHYE in Arabidopsis, and each phytochrome is likely to have a specific photoperceptory function during plant development (Quail et al., 1995). In addition, plants contain blue/UV-A-absorbing cryptochromes and UV-Babsorbing photoreceptors.Several models for light signal transduction in plants have been proposed. One has been deduced largely by microinjection experiments with tomato and involves G proteins, calcium, and cGMP (Bowler et al., 1994b;Mustilli and Bowler, 1997). Others are based on the genetic analysis of Arabidopsis mutants, such as deetiolated ( det ) and constitutively photomorphogenic ( cop ), which display characteristics of light-grown plants when grown in complete darkness, for example, reduced hypocotyl length, cotyledon opening and expansion, chloroplast development, and expression of light-induced genes (Chory et al., 1989(Chory et al., , 1996Deng et al., 1991;Chamovitz and Deng, 1996).Although several COP and DET genes have been identified, it is not clear how the activities of their gene products are regulated by phytochrome or by the calcium-an...

Brucellosis is a costly disease of water buffaloes (Bubalus bubalis). Latent infections and prolonged incubation of the pathogen limit the efficacy of programs based on the eradication of infected animals. We exploited genetic selection for disease resistance as an approach to the control of water buffalo brucellosis. We tested 231 water buffalo cows for the presence of anti-Brucella abortus antibodies (by the agglutination and complement fixation tests) and the Nramp1 genotype (by PCR-denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis). When the 231 animals (58 cases and 173 controls) were divided into infected (seropositive) and noninfected (seronegative) groups and the Nramp1 genotypes were compared, the seropositive subjects were 52 out of 167 (31%) in the Nramp1A ؉ (Nramp1AA or Nramp1AB) group and 6 out of 64 (9.4%) in the Nramp1A ؊ (Nramp1BB) group (odds ratio, 4.37; 95% confidence limits, 1.87 to 10.19; 2 , 11.65 for 1 degree of freedom). Monocytes from Nramp1BB subjects displayed significantly (P < 0.01) higher levels of Nramp1 mRNA than Nramp1AA subjects and also a significantly (P < 0.01) higher ability in controlling the intracellular replication of several Brucella species in vitro. Thus, selection for the Nramp1BB genotype can become a valuable tool for the control of water buffalo brucellosis in the areas where the disease is endemic.

We tested 413 water buffalo cows (142 cases and 271 controls) for the presence of anti-Brucella abortus antibodies (by the skin test, the agglutination test, and the complement fixation test) and the Nramp1 genotype (by capillary electrophoresis). Four alleles (Nramp1A, -B, -C, and -D) were detected in the 3 untranslated region of the Nramp1 gene. The BB genotype was represented among only controls, providing evidence that this genotype confers resistance to Brucella abortus. The monocytes from the BB (resistant) subjects displayed a higher basal level of Nramp1 mRNA and a lower number of viable intracellular bacteria than did the monocytes from AA (susceptible) subjects. The higher basal level of the antibacterial protein Nramp1 most probably provides the BB animals with the possibility of controlling bacteria immediately after their entry inside the cell.

High-efficiency transformation of the autogamous diploid legume Lotus japonicus by means of Agrobacterium rhizogenes was used to develop plant lines expressing a promoter-less gusA gene in a nodulation- or lateral root-associated manner. The approach exploits the putatively preferential integration of T-DNA into actively transcribed regions, thereby providing an enrichment for gene tagging events associated with the quickly assayable activation of a gusA promoter-less construct. Taking advantage of this enrichment and selection strategy, a T-DNA tagging program was initiated and screening for β-glucuronidase (GUS) activity was performed on root clones isolated after transformation with a gusA-promoter-less binary vector. The aim of this approach is the identification of genes involved in nodule formation induced by Mesorhizobium loti, lateral root organogenesis, and the eventual isolation of corresponding mutants. A large collection (220) of GUS-positive transformants showing a variety of expression patterns in different regions of roots and nodules was obtained; a preliminary molecular characterization of these plants is presented.

The genus Protoparvovirus within the family Parvoviridae consists of some important viruses of dogs and cats. These include canine parvovirus (CPV) and feline panleukopenia virus (FPV), which share a close genetic and antigenic relationship, so that they are now included in the unique species Carnivore protoparvovirus-1 (Cotmore et al., 2014(Cotmore et al., , 2019. Parvoviruses are the smallest animal DNA viruses, with a diameter ranging from 18 to 26 nm. These viruses have an icosahedral symmetry with a linear, single-stranded DNA genome about 5.2 kb long (Figure 1). There are two major open reading frames in the genome, encoding for the non-structural proteins, NS1 and NS2, and the antigenically important capsid proteins, VP1 and VP2, respectively (Pérez et al., 2012;Reed et al., 1988). Although these viruses

BackgroundToll-like receptors play a key role in innate immunity by recognizing pathogens and activating appropriate responses. Pathogens express several signal molecules (pathogen-associated molecular patterns, PAMPs) essential for survival and pathogenicity. Recognition of PAMPs triggers an array of anti-microbial immune responses through the induction of various inflammatory cytokines. The objective of this work was to perform a case-control study to characterize the distribution of polymorphisms in three candidate genes (toll-like receptor 2, toll-like receptor 4, toll-like receptor 9) and to test their role as potential risk factors for tuberculosis infection in water buffalo (Bubalus bubalis).ResultsThe case-control study included 184 subjects, 59 of which resulted positive to both intradermal TB test and Mycobacterium bovis isolation (cases) and 125 resulted negative to at least three consecutive intradermal TB tests. The statistical analysis indicated that two polymorphisms exhibited significant differences in allelic frequencies between cases and controls. Indeed, the TT genotype at TLR9 2340 C > T locus resulted significantly associated with susceptibility to bovine tuberculosis (P = 0.030, OR = 3.31, 95% CI = 1.05-10.40). One polymorphism resulted significantly associated with resistance to the disease, and included the CC genotype, at the TLR4 672 A > C locus (P = 0.01, OR = 0.26, 95% CI = 0.08-0.80). Haplotype reconstruction of the TLR2 gene revealed one haplotype (CTTACCAGCGGCCAGTCCC) associated with disease resistance (P = 0.04, OR = 0.51, 95% CI = 0.27–0.96), including the allelic variant associated with disease resistance.ConclusionsThe work describes novel mutations in bubaline TLR2, TLR4 and TLR9 genes and presents their association with M. bovis infection. These results will enhance our ability to determine the risk of developing the disease by improving the knowledge of the immune mechanisms involved in host response to mycobacterial infection, and will allow the creation of multiple layers of disease resistance in herds by selective breeding.

Canine coronavirus (CCoV) strains with the ability to spread to internal organs, also known as pantropic CCoVs (pCCoVs), have been detected in domestic dogs and wild carnivores. Our study focused on the detection and molecular characterization of pCCoV strains circulating in Italy during the period 2014–2017 in autochthonous dogs, in dogs imported from eastern Europe or illegally imported from an unknown country. Samples from the gut and internal organs of 352 dogs were screened for CCoV; putative pCCoV strains, belonging to subtype CCoV‐IIa, were identified in the internal organs of 35 of the examined dogs. Fifteen pCCoV strains were subjected to sequence and phylogenetic analyses, showing that three strains (98960‐1/2016, 98960‐3/2016, 98960‐4/2016) did not cluster either with Italian or European CCoVs, being more closely related to alphacoronaviruses circulating in Asia with which they displayed a 94%–96% nucleotide identity in partial spike protein gene sequences. The pCCoV‐positive samples were also tested for other canine viruses, showing co‐infections mainly with canine parvovirus.