Extreme temperatures are directly related to the occurrence of atmospheric extreme events, such as draughts, wildfires, and pollution level increases in urban areas. Policy makers, as well as society, can address such phenomenon by developing and applying methods which estimate and anticipate maximum temperature occurrences. In this research, we aim to develop a spatiotemporal model which analyzes maximum temperature trends values in the Indian 543 microregions between 1951 and 2020. In 27% of those, a maximum temperature above 45∘C was observed, at least in a year. Our analysis indicates further that 80% microregions have maximum temperatures above above 40∘C. Additionally, the results unveiled that East, Southwest, and Northwest microregions were the ones where the maximum temperatures had a higher increase with 2∘C being the average. The model developed is based on a Generalized Extreme Value (GEV) methodology, to estimate the maximum temperature values from 20 and 50 years. The projection for 20 years showed that in 15.83% of those microregions, at least one occurrence of a maximum temperature above 45∘C would occur; while in 50 years, it would happen in 21.54% of the microregions analyzed.
Extreme temperatures are directly related to the occurrence of atmospheric extreme events, such as draughts, wildfires, and pollution level increases in urban areas. Policy makers, as well as society, can address such phenomenon by developing and applying methods which estimate and anticipate maximum temperature occurrences. In this research we aim to develop a spatiotemporal model which analyzes maximum temperature trends values in the Indian 543 microregions between 1951 and 2020. In 27% of those, a maximum temperature above 45°C was observed, at least in a year, with the results of the analysis testifying that 80% of the microregions have an median yearly maximum temperature above 40°C. Additionally, the results unveiled that East, Southwest and Northwest microregions were the ones where the maximum temperatures had a higher increase with 2°C being the average. The model developed is based on a Generalized Extreme Value (GEV) methodology, to estimate the maximum temperature values from 20 to 50 years. The projection for 20 years showed that in 16% of those microregions at least one occurrence of a maximum temperature above 45°C would occur; while in the 50 years one it would happen in 22% of the microregions analyzed.
Preoperative overnight fasting was instituted at a time when anesthetic techniques were rudimentary, to prevent pulmonary complications associated with vomiting and aspiration of gastric contents. Recent studies show that reducing preoperative fasting time is a safe practice and does not increase the risk of bronchoaspiration during anesthetic induction. The use of a carbohydrate solution is also indicated, two to four hours before the operation, determining greater patient satisfaction, less irritability, reduced number of vomiting and less organic response to surgical stress. The aim of this study was to verify the effect of fasting abbreviation on complications during induction of anesthesia in patients undergoing head and neck surgery. It was observed that the highest prevalence of preoperative fasting time was between 2 and 4 hours. There were no symptoms of vomiting, intraoperative bronchoaspiration, salivary fistula and wound dehiscence in the postoperative period. The values for the occurrence of chylous fistula and postoperative symptoms were 0.92% and 7.34%, respectively. Analyzing the results, it was possible to verify that the abbreviation of preoperative fasting is safe. There were no complications such as bronchoaspiration, wound dehiscence, postoperative salivary fistula or intraoperative vomiting. The values for postoperative symptoms and chylous fistula were minimal.
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