The purpose of the present study was to evaluate sleep patterns and complaints, and Periodic Limb Movement (PLM) and the Restless Legs Syndrome (RLS) in subjects with complete spinal cord injury. Volunteers were submitted to two polysomnograms (Oxford Medilog SAC system -EEG, EMG, EOC): (1) basal night, when the volunteer arrived at the Sleep Center, and (2) after a maximal physical test (Cybex Met 300/increase of 12,5 watts/2 min until exhaustion). Eleven volunteers with complete spinal cord injury between T7-T12 were evaluated. Data were analyzed by the paired Student's t test (total sleeping time) and by the Wilcoxon matched paired test (change of sleep stages, number of awakenings during sleep, latency to REM sleep and leg movements -PLM + RLS). Comparison of sleep recordings from the night before with that from the night after (12 h) practice of physical activity, showed a significant reduction in all of the sleep parameters. The results indicate that physical activity improves the sleep patterns of spinal cord injured volunteers. In particular, we noticed that PLM and RLS after physical activity were inhibited during sleep.

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of the level of injury on the serum level of norepinephrine (Nor) and epinephrine (Epi) at rest and after maximal exercise in individuals with paraplegia. Twenty-six male spinal cord-injured subjects with complete paraplegia for at least 9 months were divided into two groups of 13 subjects each according to the level of injury, i.e., T1-T6 and T7-T12. Serum Nor and Epi concentrations were measured by HPLC-ECD, at rest (PRE) and immediately after a maximal ergospirometric test (POST). Statistical analysis was performed using parametric and non-parametric tests. Maximal heart rate, peak oxygen uptake, and PRE and POST Nor were lower in the T1-T6 than in the T7-T12 group (166 ± 28 vs 188 ± 10 bpm; 18.0 ± 6.0 vs 25.8 ± 4.1 ml kg -1 min -1 ; 0.54 ± 0.26 vs 0.99 ± 0.47 nM; 1.48 ± 1.65 vs 3.07 ± 1.44 nM). Both groups presented a significant increase in Nor level after exercise, while only the T7-T12 group showed a significant increase in Epi after exercise (T1-T6: 0.98 ± 0.72 vs 1.11 ± 1.19 nM; T7-T12: 1.24 ± 1.02 vs 1.89 ± 1.57 nM). These data show that individuals with paraplegia above T6 have an attentuated catecholamine release at rest and response to exercise as compared to subjects with injuries below T6, which might prevent a better exercise performance in the former group. Correspondence

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The purpose of this study was to evaluate the serum level of serotonin (5-HT) during rest and response to exercise in subjects with spinal cord injury (SCI) with di erent levels of physical activity. Twenty-®ve male subjects with traumatic paraplegia, the neurological levels being between T1 and T12, volunteered for the study. They were divided into two groups matched for age, weight and time since injury, according to the level of physical activity: 14 inactive and 11 subjects regularly involved in sports activity and considered active. They all performed a maximal spiroergometric test with an arm crank ergometer. Two samples of blood were collected for 5-HT determination, during rest (PRE) and immediately after exercise test (POST). Serum 5-HT concentration was measured by high performance liquid chromatography using electrochemical detection (HPLC-ED). The results showed that peak oxygen uptake (V . O 2peak ) was higher in the active group (27.08+2.60 vs 18.89+5.58 mL.kg 71 .min 71 , P50.001). There were no signi®cant di erences between the inactive and active groups for the 5-HT PRE (respectively 176.96 and 193.73 ng.mL 71 , P40.05) or POST values (275.44 vs 311.05 ng.mL 71 , P40.05). Both groups showed an increment in 5-HT after maximal exercise, but only in the active group it reached statistical signi®cance (Wilcoxon test, P50.02). Our results show that chronic paraplegic individuals have normal resting serum serotonin levels and normal response to exercise. The relationship between training status, mood elevation and 5-HT in SCI could not be established in the present study, and further investigation is needed to clarify this issue.

Os esportes radicais, de ação e de aventura, estão sendo cada vez mais abordados em cursos, palestras e oficinas, a mídia está criando uma grande massa consumidora de produtos industrializados que vendem o sentido da aventura, por exemplo, por meio de uma determinada marca. Mesmo assim, ainda existem discussões e preconceitos sobre algumas práticas ou praticantes de esportes radicais, por transgredirem alguns princípios e valores tradicionais, como os sujeitos que utilizam os espaços urbanos de maneira dinâmica, empregando manobras sobre um skate nos monumentos da cidade, nos bancos, que antes serviam apenas para sentar, ou os corrimãos de uma escadaria que, agora, além de apoiar as mãos para subir ou descer, os skatistas usamnos para deslizar com o skate. Esses preconceitos existiam desde a década de 80 e ainda existem em alguns locais, conforme comenta Brandão (2008) sobre o street skate, o qual se pratica nas ruas. De que forma melhorar as visões deturpadas sobre tais atividades? Será que esses movimentos ou práticas de esportes radicais seriam mais aceitos se os engajássemos num processo pedagógico que atendesse aos valores educacionais por meio da cultura de movimento? É possível que esse fenômeno possa ser inserido nas vertentes educacionais por meio de um compartilhamento de profissionais de educação física e alunos, um relacionamento fundamental

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