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Background Medication Administration Errors (MAEs) are common among nurses and can threaten all patients' outcomes. Furthermore, MAEs are the leading cause of incidents in patient safety records worldwide. Objective To review the types of medication administration errors, factors contributing to MAEs and barriers to self-reporting among nurses. Methods A review of the literature was done and included original articles and grey literature from January 2011 until July 2017. An advanced search was done in Medline, HINARI, PubMed, CINAHL, Science direct, Google Scholar and gray literature using a Boolean combination of different keywords such as "medication administration error", "adverse drugs reactions", barriers and "self-reporting". Results 257 articles were eligible for review but only27 articles met the inclusion criteria. Types of MAEs mainly focused on seven rights (right patient, right drug, right dose, right time, right route, right reason and right documentation). With regards to the types of MAEs, the wrong time was most prevalent in this study. Being overworked was the main factor contributing to medication administration errors. The barriers to self-reporting during MAEs were dominated by fear of disciplinary action. Nurses' characteristics such as age, experience, education, variations in how errors are defined and organizational factors such as power, distance and lack of reporting policies were found to be barriers to self-reporting. In addition to that, others were identified. Conclusion Globally, MAEs remain a pervasive problem among nurses. Contributing factors range from individual to organizational factors, and barriers to self-report are due to fear of legal action and punishment. There is a need to devise measures that will prevent these errors and to promote positive clinical outcomes of patients in healthcare settings.

BackgroundChronic Kidney Disease (CKD) is a global public health burden. Most people miss the early subtle signs that can develop at any age. CKD has severe complications, including End-stage Renal Disease. ObjectiveTo assess the knowledge level of CKD risk factors and preventive practices among university students in Rwanda. Methods A cross-sectional study design was used from April to May 2017. A stratified random sampling technique was used to recruit 260 university students. A 36-item questionnaire was selfadministered. Data were analyzed using descriptive and inferential statistics. ResultsThe mean age was 29 years and over half were female (53.4%). A great number (44%) had a low knowledge level of CKD and its risk factors, a third (34%) had moderate, and only (22%) had a high knowledge level of CKD risk factors. The majority (50.4%) had low level of preventive practices, nearly half (45%) had moderate and only (4.6%) had high level of preventive practice. Conclusion CKD knowledge and preventive practices in this study population were low. Knowledge gained and desire for healthy preventive practices may have been a benefit of the study. CKD educational programs should be further developed to prevent this significant problem affecting the Rwandese community.Rwanda J Med Health Sci 2019;2(2): 185-193.

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INTRODUCTION: The number of patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD) is gradually increasing in developing countries such as Rwanda. Barriers to the management of CKD from nurses' perspectives is not an area that has been well explored. This study aimed to assess the perceived barriers to CKD management from the perspective of nurses working at the referral hospitals in Rwanda.METHODS: The study used a cross-sectional research design. The study setting was selected referral hospitals in Kigali. A convenience sample of 55 nurses was obtained and data was collected using a self-administered questionnaire. Analyses were done using descriptive and inferential statistics in the SPSS application.RESULTS: Respondents identified the most barriers to management of CKD as: limited knowledge of CKD (96%) and its risk factor of glomerulonephritis (93%), limited information of dialysis (98%) and fluid restriction (95%) treatment as well as a lack of further training on nephrology nursing (93%). Shortage of nephrologists and nurses (98%) and a multidisciplinary care team (95%) were resource barriers. Other barriers were limited knowledge of CKD risk factors: hypertension (78%) and HIV/AIDS (80%), limited in-service training (69%), and non-adherence (86%). The experience of respondents was associated with limited knowledge of CKD risk factors: hypertension (P =0.001), diabetes (P=0.001) and HIV/AIDS (P=0.040). The level of nursing obtained by the respondents was associated with a lack of further special training (p=0. 001), limited in-service training (P=0.028) and non-adherence of CKD patients (P=0.017).CONCLUSION: Barriers to CKD management in Rwanda are evident. There is a need for in-service training for nurses in order to improve the proper treatment of the CKD population.