BACKGROUND Herpesvirus transmission between humans and non-human primate (NHP) can occur through contact scratches with lesions, infected saliva, and mainly through contaminated food. Therefore, cross-infection can lead to severe illness or even death for both the animal and human. In 2017, during the yellow fever (YF) outbreak in Brazil, species of the New World Primates (NWP) from Rio de Janeiro state, tested negative for yellow fever virus (YFV) detection. OBJECTIVES To evaluate herpesvirus in the population NWP in Rio de Janeiro. METHODS To investigate, liver samples of 283 NWP, from several regions of the state of Rio de Janeiro, were tested for the herpesvirus family using a Pan -polymerase chain reaction ( Pan -PCR) and sequencing. FINDINGS 34.6% (98/283) tested positive for at least one herpesvirus; 29.3% (83/283) tested positive to Human alphaherpesvirus 1 (HSV-1), this virus from humans can be lethal to New World monkey; 13% (37/283) were detected Callitrichine gammaherpesvirus 3 (CalHV-3), responsible for lymphoproliferative disease that can be fatal in NWP. In addition, CalHV-3 / HSV-1 co-infection was in 11.6% (33/283) of the samples. MAIN CONCLUSIONS Pan -herpesvirus was useful to identify species-specific herpesviruses and virus from human that can infect animals. Furthermore, during an outbreak of YF other infections should be monitored.

Background: Human herpesvirus 2 (HSV-2) is a major cause of sexually transmitted infections (STIs) worldwide and often occurs synergistically with syphilis, and human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection. Transgender women (TGW) are disproportionately affected by STIs. The aim of this study was to estimate the prevalence of HSV-2 monoinfection, and HSV-2, syphilis, and HIV coinfection (triple infection) among TGW in Central Brazil. Methods: A seroprevalence survey was conducted among TGW inCentral Brazil from 2018 to 2019. Participants were recruited using respondent-driven sampling and interviewed about their sociodemographic characteristics and STI risk behaviors, and were tested for antibodies to HSV-2, Treponema pallidum, and HIV. Multivariable logistic regression models were used to identify variables associated with HSV-2 monoinfection and triple infection.Results: Of the 431 participants, 345 (80%) were positive for HSV-2 antibodies, of whom 36 were HSV-2 immunoglobulin M-positive, and 340 were HSV-2 immunoglobulin G-positive. Human herpesvirus 2 and HIV coinfection, HIV and syphilis coinfection, and triple infection were detected in 38 participants (9.0%), 58 participants (13.8%), and 27 participants (6.4%), respectively. Report of a previous STI was associated with a decreased risk of HSV-2 monoinfection (adjusted odds ratio, 0.39), and an increased risk of triple infection (adjusted odds ratio, 4.4). Participants who reported sex not only with men had a 2.42-fold increased risk of triple infection. Conclusions:The high prevalence of HSV-2, syphilis, and HIV coinfection among TGW is a cause for concern. Transgender women should be screened for HIVand other STIs. Further studies of risk factors for triple infection among TGW are warranted.

The objective of this text is to describe the seroprevalence of antibodies against herpes simplex virus 2 in inmates of a female public prison in Mato Grosso. This is a cross-sectional study carried out with biobank data from a survey carried out with women deprived of liberty in a female penitentiary in Tangará da Serra - MT. Data collection was carried out through interviews with 50 women. To determine the seroprevalence of HSV-2 infection, serum samples were analyzed by ELISA in search of IgG antibodies at the Laboratory of Viral Immunology of Instituto Oswaldo Cruz – RJ. The HSV-2 seroprevalence found in the evaluated population was 80%, a value much higher than that reported in the general Brazilian population and in other studies with prison populations around the world. The profile of the inmates predominated among young, brown women, with low education, single and with low monthly income. The present study found a high seroprevalence of antibodies against HSV-2 in this population. These data provide important information that can assist in the implementation of effective actions that better prevent and control genital herpes, as well as other STIs in incarcerated populations.

The Herpesviridae family harbors a large number of viruses that infect a variety of animal types, including humans and non-human primates. The transmission of humans to non-human primates can occur through contact scratches with lesions, infected saliva and mainly through food offered contaminated to monkeys. The close relationship between humans and non-human primates allows this transmission between different species. Therefore, cross-infection can lead to severe illness or even death for both the animal and man. In 2017, during the outbreak of yellow fever in Brazil, mainly in the state of Rio de Janeiro, most of the non-human primates Sapajus sp, Leontopithecus sp, Alouatta sp and Callithrix sp., obtained a negative result for the ongoing infection, the cause of death of these animals until then was not identified. Objective: The present project aims to investigate and detect the possible circulation of herpesvirus in the population of non-human primates that were negative for the infection of yellow fever. Methodology: The dead monkeys were found in several regions and municipalities and were referred by the Health Surveillance services to LACEN / RIO, while in turn sent to FIOCRUZ. Liver tissue samples were extracted in ambient and safety NB3 by Flavivirus laboratory. Negative samples were tested for herpesvirus detection by the Pan-PCR technique, which amplifies the conserved region of the polymerase (DPOL) and allows the simultaneous detection of viruses of the family Herpesviridae. To confirm the presence of Human alphaherpesvirus 1, PCR was performed based on the amplification of the conserved region of glycoprotein G virus and construction of the phylogenetic tree through the PCR region UL 23. Results: From the total of primates negative for yellow fever 283 samples were tested with a prevalence of 34.6% (98/283) for herpesvirus, Callitrichine gamaherpesvirus 3 (CalHV-3) was detected in 30.22% (81/283), Epstein-Barr homologous virus in human. CalHV-3 can cause lymphoproliferative disease presenting B-cell lymphomas and can be fatal. In 83 individuals the prevalence of Human alfaherpesvirus 1 was 29.3% (83/283), a human virus lethal to the monkeys of the New World and no sample showed mutation of resistance to acyclovir. In addition, CalHV-1 / HHV-1 co-infection was observed in 11.6% (33/283). Conclusion: The results of this work contributed to surveillance and data can be used to raise public awareness of management and close contact with non-human primates in public spaces and forests. There were no limitations to elaborate the project, since all inputs are part of the routine laboratory practice.

Sexually transmitted Human alphaherpesvirus 2 (HSV-2) causes genital ulcers, especially among sexually active adolescents and adults. We estimated the exact prevalence of anti-HSV-2 antibodies and correlated it with the demographic and behavioral aspects of the Indigenous population of the Jaguapirú and Bororó villages (Dourados, Mato Grosso do Sul (MS), Brazil). In total, 1360 individuals (>18 years old) were administered serologic tests. The prevalence of anti-HSV-2 IgM was 12.9%, that of anti-HSV-2 IgG was 57.2%, and 8.5% cases tested positive for both HSV-2 IgM and IgG. The prevalence of anti-HSV-2 antibodies was higher in females (59.5%) compared to males (49%), with an OR of 0.64 (0.49–0.83). Anti-HSV-2 antibodies were found in 14.2%, 12.3%, 15.4%, and 14.5% of participants with urinary problems, genital wounds, genital warts, and urethral discharge, respectively. In summary, the seroprevalence of HSV-2 in the Indigenous population was five times higher than that reported in the general adult Brazilian population. Educational level, income level, smoking, condom use, incarceration, illicit drug abuse, the sharing of used needles and syringes without adequate disinfection, homosexual relationships, prostitution, the sexual practices among drug users, and avoidance of contraceptive methods could contribute to the facilitation of HSV-2 transmission in the Indigenous population. Our results may help develop culturally appropriate intervention programs that eliminate health-access barriers and improve the implementation of public health policies aimed at promoting information regarding and preventing, treating, and controlling HSV-2 infection in Brazilian Indigenous populations.