Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (T2DM) is a metabolic disease characterized by hyperglycemia and insulin resistance. T2DM therapy against c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) is one of the recovery solutions using bioactive compounds from ginger. 6-shogaol is bioactive compounds of ginger that has antioxidant properties. The purpose of this study is to analyze the potential of 6-shogaol as a JNK inhibitor. JNK protein (ID: 464Y) was obtained from Protein Data Bank (PDB) through 6-shogaol ligand (CID: 5281794) obtained from the PubChem database. Protein docking protein and ligand use Hex 8.0.0 software while visualization and analysis using Discovery Studio client 4.0. The results showed that 6-shogaol was predicted to have potential as a JNK inhibitor. Proving this by finding five amino acid residues (TRY223, LEU210, THR103 ALA214, ARG107) with an energy of -236.29cal/mol. We found the type of hydrogen bonds and the van der waals forces formed. The interaction of ligand and protein successfully inactivates JNK and stops pancreatic β cell dysfunction. 6-shogaol has pharmacological properties as a JNK,T2DM.

One of the derivatives of flavonoid explored is chlorogenic acid. Chlorogenic acid has antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activity. Hypertension has support for Angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) which has a role in regulating the renin-angiotensin system. Hypertension therapy is carried out in inhibit ACE pathway. This study aims to analyse and assess the potential of chlorogenic acid as an antihypertensive material by inhibiting the work of ACE. We used in silico approach to make our model. Chlorogenic acid ligand was obtained from PubChem while ACE was obtained from RCSB. Interaction of ligand and protein using HEX 8.0.0. Analysis and visualization of the results of interactions using Discovery Study Version 4.1. The results showed an interaction between ligand and protein, namely interactions that occur between chlorogenic acid and sixteen amino acid residues. This interaction produces energy of-292.5cal/mol. This interaction approved the ACE block in the AT-I transformation towards AT-II. Chlorogenic acid has potential as an anti-hypertension material.

Nugraha FAD, Fatchiyah F, Smith EN, Nia Kurniawan N. 2018. Phylogenetic analysis of colubrid snakes based on 12S rDNA reveals distinct lineages of Dendrelaphis pictus (Gmelin, 1789) populations in Sumatra and Java. Biodiversitas 19: 303-310. The phylogenetic relationship among the major colubrid snakes, particularly those of the subfamily Colubrinae, has been the subject of much debate. Also, there was limited data on the molecular relationships of Sundaland colubrid snakes. This study aimed to examine the relationships among colubrid snakes from Sumatra and Java based on fragments of 12S rDNA gene. We sequenced 17 specimens of colubrid snakes representing 5 genera and 2 subfamilies: Colubrinae and Ahaetullinae. We used maximum likelihood, maximum parsimony and Bayesian inference methods for inferring phylogenetic relationships. The result of our phylogenetic analyses is in line with the previous findings for the separation between Colubrinae and Ahaetullinae. Interestingly, we found two distinct clades of Dendrelaphis pictus species with the high genetic divergence between them where D. pictus from Sumatra and West Java separated from Central and East Java clade. Our divergence time estimation showed that the differentiation between these clades of D. pictus occurred in the late Miocene epoch (8.9 Ma) when Sumatra and Java separated after being inundated in the early Miocene epoch.

Abstrak: Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk menemukan amfibi yang hidup di kawasan objek wisata alam Malibo Anai. Wilayah tersebut terletak di kaki gunung Tandikek di provinsi Sumatera Barat. Karena resor ini berfungsi sebagai objek wisata alam, resor ini mempertahankan hutan primer yang ada di sebagian besar kawasan yang mungkin menyediakan rumah yang layak bagi amfibi dan kelompok hewan lainnya. Survei dilakukan pada Januari dan Juli 2020. Kami mencatat 22 spesies amfibi di tiga habitat. Sebagian besar amfibi ditemukan di dekat genangan air. Satu spesies dari family Rhacophoridae, Zhangixalus achantharrhena dan satu dari family Ranidae, Pulchrana fantastica ditemukan dan dilaporkan secara formal untuk pertama kalinya di luar lokasi tipe mereka. Bersamaan dengan penelitian ini, kami juga mencatat 2 jenis ular dan beberapa jenis cicak jari lengkung yang cryptic. Area studi tersebut akan menjadi tempat yang baik untuk melakukan penelitian biologi dan ekologiKata kunci: Herpetofauna; keanekaragaman; Sumatera; ekologi; taksonomi.Abstract: The objective of this study is to invent amphibians inhabiting the region of natural tourism object of Malibo Anai. The region is located in the foot of mountain Tandikek in Sumatera Barat province. Since this resort serve as natural tourism object, the resort maintains primary forest existed in most of the area which might provide an appropriate home for amphibians and other group of animals. The survei was conducted in January and July 2020. We recorded 22 species of amphibians in three types of habitat. Most of amphibians were found near the standing body water. A species of Rhacophoridae, Zhangixalus achantharrhena and of Ranidae, Pulchrana fantastica were found and reported formally for the first time outside of their type localities. Along with this study, we also recorded snakes and several cryptic bent-toed geckoes. The area of study would serve as a good place to conduct research on biology and ecology.Keywords: Herpetofauna; diversity; Sumatera; ecology; taxonomy.

Some pristine habitat in the region of west Sumatera is less-explored due to low number of herpetologists in the area. However, many species were described as new to science based on morphological or molecular approaches. We conducted preliminary study to uncover the diversity of amphibians and reptiles in mount Sago, Sumatera Barat. In this study, we surveyed the amphibian and reptiles in the dry season. We performed a visual encounter survey along the hiking trails to the mount peak. A group of 3 persons searched systematically in the potential habitat. We stop at two points where these were located close to the stream to focus the searching at the potential habitat. A small collection was made comprised 25 individuals of 7 families and 15 species. At lower altitude (1000 meter above sea level/m.a.s.l), we found Chalcorana calconota, Fejervarya cancrivora, Odorrana hossii, Phrynoidis aspera, Microhyla heymonsi, Polypedates leucomystax, Megophrys nasuta, Limnonectes kuhlii, L. macrodon. At higher altitude (2567) masl), we collected Philautus polymorphus, Leptophryne borbonica, Leptobrachium hasseltii, and the juvenile of Broncochela hayeki. The limited finding to amphibians and reptiles were caused by the time of survey which was conducted in the dry season. Amphibians and reptiles less-active during dry season to prevent the loss of excessive water.