Context: Universities are among the best places to foster innovation and provide services, as they are in close contact with clients. In order to offer the best possible services, they need to be innovative in their respective fields. Service innovation is widely recognized as one of the three strategic research priorities of service institutions. Given the vast number and types of services available, various models are adopted to achieve this goal. Evidence Acquisition: This article aims to provide a critical review of the available service innovation models and propose a comprehensive service innovation model. To achieve this objective, relevant keywords were used to conduct a literature search in databases. Initially, 1504 studies were obtained, and after a screening process, only 10 studies that were most relevant to the study's purpose were selected. Results: The model proposed in this study is an integrated form of service innovation models, encompassing the process, dimensions, required infrastructures, capabilities, and the types and outcomes of service innovation, which are discussed separately in other models. Conclusions: Service innovation is a complex and resource-intensive activity with potential long-term benefits for firms in both service and manufacturing industries. If a service company aims to establish a more sustainable strategic position based on innovation, it should examine its management process for physical, organizational, and intellectual resources.
The complexity of today's world is constantly creating new challenges for higher education institutions, and they must continually be consistent and accountable to maintain standards of excellence and compete in international education markets. Being or becoming an entrepreneurial higher education institution is a response to these challenges. There is no "unique" approach, but there are different ways in which higher education institutions behave in an entrepreneurial and creative way. The purpose of this article was to explain how universities can become more entrepreneurial by changing how they provide knowledge. This article is based on the results of a literature review in the fall and winter of 2020 and is in line with the doctoral dissertation that is currently being done in the "Virtual School, Medical Education and Management, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences." After 1989, a review of the limited, focused literature on service innovation, with an emphasis on knowledge-based service innovation, was done. Service innovation is multidimensional and interactive in nature and can be examined from both technological (information and communication technology developments) and non-technological (organizational innovations) aspects. Accordingly, knowledge-based services include services based on professional knowledge and technology knowledge. Universities need to focus on innovation in both aspects of knowledge-based services. If universities are to become entrepreneurial universities, it is important to explain the comprehensive model of entrepreneurial universities by focusing on the dimensions, concepts, opportunities, challenges, and requirements for knowledge service innovation and then apply it to medical universities to fits their needs.
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