Marketing of breastmilk substitutes (BMS) continues to undermine breastfeeding globally, and low income countries experiencing rapid economic growth are especially vulnerable as expanding BMS markets. The objective of the study was to understand the prevalence of exposure to BMS promotions among mothers of children 0-23 months, the frequency and type of contacts between BMS companies and health workers and the presence of educational/informational materials and branded equipment associated with such companies in health facilities in Abidjan using the World Health Organization's NetCode protocol. The methods included structured interviews with health workers and mothers and observations of equipment/ materials in a sample of 42 facilities, 330 mothers and 129 health workers.Descriptive statistics were produced, and chi-squared tests were used to assess differences by child age and facility type. Forty-three per cent of mothers were advised to feed BMS products in the past 6 months, with a significantly higher percentage of mothers of older children (6-23 months) advised compared to infants 0-5 months. Two thirds (66%) of mothers had seen promotions outside of facilities. Among health workers, 63% were contacted by BMS companies, and only 8% were familiar with the International Code of Marketing of BMS. Differences were found between public/private facilities in the types of requests BMS companies made to health workers. Strong actions are needed in Côte d'Ivoire to prevent BMS promotion in the health system, including increasing health workers' knowledge of the International Code and national regulations, monitoring violations and reaching mothers and families to promote optimal breastfeeding practices.
Background Acute malnutrition is one of the main causes of morbidity and mortality among children under 5 years worldwide, and Action Contre la Faim (ACF) aims to address its causes and consequences. To better tailor humanitarian programs, ACF conducts standardized contextual studies called Link NCAs (Nutrition Causal Analysis), to identify factors associated with severe acute malnutrition (SAM) and moderate acute malnutrition (MAM). Data from three Link NCAs performed in 2018 and 2019 in Haiti, Burkina Faso and Madagascar were used to explore the prevalence of malnutrition by different indicators and associated risk factors among children aged 6–59 months. Methods Cross-sectional data, collected via household surveys applying two-stage cluster sampling, were pooled to build a sample of 1,356 children. Recommended anthropometric thresholds were used to define SAM (Weight-for-Height Z-score (WHZ) <-3 or Mid-upper Arm Circumference (MUAC) <115 mm and/or presence oedema), MAM (-3≤WHZ<-2 or 115≤MUAC<125 mm) and global acute malnutrition GAM (SAM or MAM) among children. Multivariate analyses for each anthropometric indicator were performed using logistic mixed models and adjusting for potential confounders. Results The prevalence of acute malnutrition was the highest in Madagascar. The risk of having GAM and MAM varied across countries, while the risk of having SAM varied across clusters. Being male, suffering from diarrhea, and having unwashed face and hands, were significantly associated with GAM by WHZ with adjusted odds ratio of 1.9 [95%Confidence interval (CI):1.1–3.2], 1.7 (95%CI: 1.0–3.1) and 1.9 (95%CI: 1.0–3.6) respectively. These factors were also associated with MAM by WHZ. None of the studied factors was significantly associated with SAM, which could be due to a small sample size. Conclusion These results obtained from a large sample contribute to the evidence of the factors associated with undernutrition in children aged 6–59 months. Further research with larger sample sizes is needed to confirm these results.
Objectives Marketing of BMS continue to undermine breastfeeding globally. The health system is the most frequently used marketing platform in West Africa. In Burkina Faso (BF) and Cote d'Ivoire (CI), we aimed to understand the frequency and type of contacts between representatives of BMS companies and health workers, the presence of educational materials and branded equipment in health facilities, and their overall prevalence in public and private health facilities. Methods In 2021, we used the World Health Organization's NetCode protocol and conducted semi-structured interviews with health workers (130 in BF and 126 in CI) and mothers of children less than 2 years (330 in BF and in CI), and observations of educational materials in most urban facilities (43 in BF and 42 in CI). Contents of materials were analyzed to evaluate their compliance with the Code. Descriptive statistics and chi square tests were used to assess differences by child age and facility type (public vs. Private). Results Health workers in BF (67%) and in CI (63%) were contacted by BMS companies with on-site visits being the most frequently used method. The main reasons given for contact were to provide samples for distribution and to provide incentives/gadgets for health workers and facilities. The overall knowledge of health workers on the Code was very low in both countries; only 8% in CI and 1% in BF had heard of it. 43% of mothers in Cote d'Ivoire and 24% in Burkina Faso were advised to feed their children BMS products in the last six months. Conclusions Strong actions are needed in CI and BF to prevent BMS promotion in the health system, including increasing health workers’ knowledge of the International Code and national regulations, monitoring and sanctions imposed for violations, and reaching mothers and families with infant and young children to promote optimal breastfeeding practices. Funding Sources Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation through Alive & Thrive, managed by FHI Solutions.
IntroductionOn 4 November 2010, the Ministry of Health of the Republic of Congo declared a poliomyelitis outbreak in Pointe-Noire, the eastern economic capital. We conducted an outbreak investigation to describe the epidemic and estimate vaccination coverage to better understand virus spread.MethodsWe collected clinical, demographic and geographic data about cases and vaccination policies from local health authorities. Cases were defined as residents of Pointe-Noire of any age, diagnosed with acute flaccid paralysis since 1 October 2010. We implemented a cross-sectional survey in a socially heterogeneous affected neighbourhood (representing 9.5% of the city population), selected from the Loandjili district (highest district attack rate: 71.6 cases per 100 000) following expert consultation.ResultsFrom 1 October to 20 December 2010, 446 cases of acute flaccid paralysis were reported to health authorities (case fatality ratio: 41.3%). Males accounted for 68% of the cases, and 57.4% were between 15 and 24 years of age. Vaccination coverage in the surveyed population for one or more doses of oral polio vaccine was 55.5% on average and decreased with age to 33.5% for individuals older than 30. Sanitary conditions were poor to medium with latrines commonly shared between households (57.4%).ConclusionPoor vaccination coverage led to a large susceptible population, particularly in young adults and spread was further facilitated by poor sanitary conditions. Moreover, polio causes more severe clinical symptoms among older age groups, which explains the high case-fatality ratio. To prevent similar outbreaks in other countries, supplementary vaccination activities should punctually target older age groups.
The aim of this study is to establish a link between the performance at speed race and the somatotype within young students from Côte d'Ivoire who are candidates for the recruitment test organized by the National Institute of Youth and Sports. The study was performed on 669 girls at 21.80+2.26 year old and 1859 boys at 22.11+2.26 years. Anthropometrical measures were made out in order to estimate somatotype. For the speed, the subjects underwent a 80m speed race test for girls and a 100m speed race for boys. After a descriptive analysis of the somatotype components and the performance of girls and boys, we made a distribution of the gaps in performance (estimated performance -real performance) estimated by the regression and the real performance in order to check normality. To examine the relationship between somatotype, cormic index and the speed race, an equation of multiple regressions was performed. The distribution of the gaps in performance (estimated performance -real performance) estimated by the regression and real performance is normally distributed both in girls and boys. The results also indicate that a multiple and statistically significant link (p<0.05) exists between the performance and three (3) variables:European Scientific Journal August 2016 edition vol.12, No.23 ISSN: 1857 -7881 (Print) e -ISSN 1857-7431 379 endormorphy, ectomorphy and cormic index with boys and two (2) components of somatotype: endomorphy, mesomorphy with girls. The present study has allowed establishing a relationship between the performance at speed race and some of the components of the somatotype. The performance at 100m for boys and 80m for girls is well the result of a specific morphotype (endomorph) limiting the realization of good performances by these sprinters. Keywords: Somatotype, speed, morphotype, sprintersResume L'objectif de cette étude est d'établir un lien entre la performance à la course de vitesse et le somatotype chez des jeunes élèves ivoiriens candidats au test d'entrée à l'Institut National des Sports. Cette étude a porté sur 669 filles âgées de 21,80±2,26 ans et 1859 garçons âgés de 22,11±2,26 ans. Des mesures anthropométriques ont été effectuées pour déterminer le somatotype. Pour la vitesse, les sujets ont été soumis à un test de course de vitesse sur 80 mètres pour les filles et sur 100 mètres pour les garçons. Après une analyse descriptive des composants du somatotype et de la performance chez les filles et chez les garçons, nous avons fait une distribution des écarts de performance (perf estimée -perf réelle) estimée par la régression et la performance réelle pour vérifier la normalité. Pour examiner la relation entre le somatotype et la course de vitesse, une équation de régression multiple a été établie. La distribution des écarts de performance (perf estimée -perf réelle) estimée par la régression et la performance réelle est gaussienne aussi bien chez les filles que chez les garçons. Les résultats indiquent également qu'il existe une liaison multiple et statistiquement significative ...
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