The heterogeneity of the lung microbiome and its alteration are prevalently seen among chronic lung diseases patients. However, studies to date have primarily focused on the bacterial microbiome in the lung rather than fungal composition, which might play an essential role in the mechanisms of several chronic lung diseases. It is now well established that Aspergillus spp. colonies may induce various unfavorable inflammatory responses. Furthermore, bacterial microbiomes such as Pseudomonas aeruginosa provide several mechanisms that inhibit or stimulate Aspergillus spp. life cycles. In this review, we highlighted fungal and bacterial microbiome interactions in the respiratory tract, with a focus on Aspergillus spp.
The use of language in international agreements is very important to establish international cooperation. It is also noteworthy that according to the Indonesian law, the international agreements related to several matters adopted by the government shall be translated to Bahasa Indonesia. However, the terms contained in Indonesian national law, in Bahasa Indonesia, often tend to be different from the meanings contained in international law, such as the 1969 Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties. Thus, they often have multiple interpretations. As such, the use of language, especially relating to international agreements, can be a trigger for legal disputes. In this regard, using a legal research method by analyzing the international legal instruments and Indonesian national law, this paper digs into the use of language related to the adoption of an international agreement to an Indonesian Law, especially regarding the terms of “ratification,” “accession,” and others. It is argued that there is a difference of perspective within the “adoption of an international agreement” regarding the terms of “ratification” and “accession” under the 1969 Vienna Convention.
Debt collateral is often unacceptable to the execution of debt collateral because there is coercion and leads to court so that many debts are not collected. In Minangkabau customary law, there is no compulsion to pay off debts. This research answers how people make debt-receivables agreements and must be repaid by the debtors in the Minangkabau customary law arrangement in Sungai Dareh village, West Sumatra. This research method is through observation and interviews of local customary leaders. The implementation of the pattern of execution of debt collateral settlement in Minangkabau is motivated by the legal relationship between the creditor and the collateral in the form of land. The creditor only has the right to cultivate or take the proceeds from the land given by the debt recipient until the debt is paid off or redeemed by the debt recipient, so that debt settlement will never transfer ownership rights to the land. In an urgent situation, the creditor can transfer the debt to the new lender, which stops the legal relationship between the first creditor and the debt recipient and creates a new legal relationship between the second creditor and the debt recipient. Creditors' rights remain a priority, and there is no time limit in paying off debts. This debt settlement is very different from debt settlement in positive law in Indonesia. The creditor has the right to sell the land as collateral for the debt if the debt cannot be settled after a certain period, which results in the loss of ownership of the debt recipient over the land that is used as debt collateral. There is a need for positive legal reform in Indonesia regarding the execution of debt guarantees.
To protect its labour who work overseas Indonesia has initiated cooperation with some Middle Eastern countries and some organizations such as United Nations High Commission on Refugees (UNHCR) and International Organization of Migration (IOM). ILO Convention 185/2003 has been put in place as a result of the American pressure on the International Labour Organisation (ILO). While the benefits of the convention are difficult to deny there are also concerns about its potential abuse and other problems arising from its implementation.
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