Marine fisheries are in crisis, requiring twice the fishing effort of the 1950s to catch the same quantity of fish, and with many fleets operating beyond economic or ecological sustainability. A possible consequence of diminishing returns in this race to fish is serious labour abuses, including modern slavery, which exploit vulnerable workers to reduce costs. Here, we use the Global Slavery Index (GSI), a national-level indicator, as a proxy for modern slavery and labour abuses in fisheries. GSI estimates and fisheries governance are correlated at the national level among the major fishing countries. Furthermore, countries having documented labour abuses at sea share key features, including higher levels of subsidised distant-water fishing and poor catch reporting. Further research into modern slavery in the fisheries sector is needed to better understand how the issue relates to overfishing and fisheries policy, as well as measures to reduce risk in these labour markets.

Photoredox chemistry of iron(III) chloride and iron(III) perchlorate in aqueous media was investigated in the wavelength range 250-425 nm. The effects of incident intensity, iron(III) and iron(II) concentrations, wavelength of irradiation, chloride concentration, radical scavengers, pH, time of irradiation, and temperature on product quantum yields were investigated. The primary photoreaction is postulated to be Fe3+-OH--Fe2+ 4--OH in iron (III) chloride and iron(III) perchlorate solutions; secondary reactions of • affect the product quantum yields. From the variation of quantum yields with the wavelength of irradiation the OH--*• Fe(III) charge-transfer excited state is concluded to be the one responsible for photoreduction. Under identical conditions, the product quantum yield ( 2+) for the photoreduction of iron(III) chloride is less than that of iron(III) perchlorate.

Whether forced into relocation by fear of persecution, civil war, or humanitarian crisis, or pulled toward the prospect of better economic opportunities, more people are on the move than ever before. Opportunities for lawful entry into preferred destinations are decreasing rapidly, creating demand that is increasingly being met by migrant smugglers. This companion volume to the award-winning The International Law of Human Trafficking presents the first-ever comprehensive, in-depth analysis into the subject. The authors call on their experience of working with the UN to chart the development of new international laws and to link these specialist rules to other relevant areas of international law, including law of the sea, human rights law, and international refugee law. Through this analysis, the authors explain the major legal obligations of States with respect to migrant smuggling, including those related to criminalization, interdiction and rescue at sea, protection, prevention, detention, and return.

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Sexual violence, a term that covers a wide range of criminal behaviours, occurs with alarming frequency within the Australian population. Recent research suggests that 1.2 million adult women in Australia have experienced an incident of sexual violence since the age of 15. While there is presently no measure of the true incidence of sexual violence amongst the male population, recorded crime statistics indicate that males in the 10-14 year age group experience a rate of victimisation of 86 per 100,000 population. It is likely that the real figures are much higher. The impact of these crimes on the individuals concerned, their friends and families, and the community generally, cannot be overstated. This report will summarise what we know, and what we do not know, about sexual violence in Australia. It is well documented that sexual violence is a crime overwhelmingly perpetrated by males against females but within these two groups there is room for considerable variation. Factors such as age, race, physical or mental impairment, drug and alcohol use, occupation and prior experiences of victimisation are also relevant. As a result, sexual violence disproportionately affects certain groups within the Australian community. The effects of sexual violence on the individual (and their immediate social and family network) can be devastating and long-lasting. Victim/survivors may experience a combination of effects, including emotional, social, interpersonal, educational, vocational and financial repercussions. The Australian criminal justice system and governments have developed a range of programs and services to address the issue of sexual violence-both from the perspective of offending and victimisation. These responses will be considered in this report.