Method A nested case-control study was conducted in rural areas of Shahroud, in the central region of Iran. We selected 65 child deaths from the 2000e2008 birth cohort of 10 912 living newborns. A risk set sampling method was used to select controls (Case-Control ratio 1:2) who matched the cases in terms of age. The data were analysed using univariate and multivariate conditional logistic regression methods. Results Significant associations with mortality were seen for: breastfeeding (OR 0.86, 95% CI 0.79 to 0.93, p<0.001), number of child cares (OR 0.90, 95% CI 0.83 to 0.98, p¼0.017) and low birth weight (OR 7.38, 95% CI 1.38 to 39.58, p¼0.020). Conclusion Incomplete breast feeding duration, insufficient number of child cares and low birth weight are important risk factors for 1e59 month child mortality in Iran. It appears that complex and multiple factors are involved in mortality of under-5-year-old children, so combined efforts will need to be applied to improve child health. Background Immigration from low income countries represents a recent and increasing reality in Portugal. The legalisation process is slow and the illegal stay may represent a barrier to healthcare access. The objective of this study was to relate the illegal stay condition with the mother's obstetric surveillance. Participants and Methods The sample included 499 immigrants living in Portugal, consecutively selected during the year 2010 in 21 Portuguese maternity hospitals. Data were collected in a face-to-face interview on the second day after delivery and with the consultation of medical hospital records. We considered adequate obstetric surveillance (AOS) if the mother had six or more appointments during pregnancy and the first occurred during the first trimester. Results In this sample, the proportion of illegal immigrants was 10.7%. The prevalence of AOS was 73.5%, significantly lower in mothers in illegal situation (59.1% vs 77.9%, p<0.01). AOS was associated with maternal age (#25 years¼57.3%, 26e30 years¼78.9%, >30 years¼79.9%, p<0.01), women's education (<6 years¼60.6%, 7e12 years¼65.3% >12 years¼90.9%, p<0.01), marital status (single/divorced¼62.0%, married¼79.9%, p<0.01), profession (white collar¼84.5%, blue collar¼68.3% p<0.01) wanted pregnancy (yes¼81.4%, no¼50.5%, p<0.01). After adjustment by non conditional logistic regression for mothers age, education and marital status, the illegal stay is associated with AOS (OR¼0.48; 95% CI 0.29 to 0.82).
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