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The objective of this study was to determine the effects of different concentrations of xanthan and guar gums and their blends on staling of gluten-free rice cakes baked in microwave-infrared combination oven (MW-IR) and to compare the cakes with conventionally baked ones. Gums were added at concentrations of 0.3% and 1.0%. For preparation of gum blend, 0.5% xanthan gum was mixed with 0.5% guar gum. In order to understand the staling behaviour of cakes, cakes were stored at 22 ± 2°C for 120 h. Xanthan-guar gum blend decreased hardness, weight loss, retrogradation enthalpy and the change in setback viscosity values of cakes during storage for both types of ovens as compared to control formulation. It was found that oven type was a significant factor in affecting staling parameters of gluten-free cakes.

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The potential utilization of yellow pea flour and bread crumb blends was investigated to generate nutritionally‐dense extruded products with superior physical and/or technofunctional properties. Yellow pea flour mixed with bread crumb at different ratios were processed using low‐moisture twin‐screw extrusion cooking conditions to examine the effect of blending ratios and feed moisture contents on physical (that is, radial expansion index, extrudate density, microstructure, texture, and color) and technofunctional (that is, emulsifying capacity, emulsifying stability, water solubility [WS], water binding capacity [WBC], oil binding capacity [OBC], and pasting) properties of the final products. Compared to the two feed materials alone, samples produced with yellow pea flour and bread crumb blends showed lower hardness and higher crispiness. Moisture content (12% to 18%) was found to significantly affect physical and technofunctional properties. With an increase in feed moisture content from 12% to 18%, the WBC of the extrudates increased while the WS decreased. Extrudates produced with higher feed moisture content, and higher yellow pea flour content had higher setback viscosity. Among all formulas and feed moisture contents studied, extrudates produced with 50% yellow pea flour and 50% bread crumb at 12% feed moisture content had the highest radial expansion and bigger cells with thinner cell walls. This study has shown that incorporation of yellow pea flour and bread crumb in extrusion cooking process could be used to develop nutritionally‐dense foods with improved physical and technofunctional properties.

Background and objectives Most puffed snacks in the market are made from refined cereal flours which allow greater expansion and better texture but are nutritionally inferior as they lack protein and dietary fiber. Whole barley and green lentil flours at several blending ratios were extruded as a function of temperature and moisture content to optimize the physical and microstructural quality of fiber and protein‐enriched snacks. Findings High extrusion temperature significantly improved overall expansion and texture. The effects of feed moisture depended on the blending ratio, parallel with the total protein and dietary fiber content of extrudates. Barley:green lentil of 45:55 showed the highest extrudate expansion (~1.9 mm/mm on average) and lowest hardness (~29 N on average), followed by the blend 60:40. X‐ray microtomography showed that this blending ratio also produced a larger mean cell size (~1.6 mm), lower mean wall thickness (~0.3 mm), and higher overall connectivity between cells. Conclusion Barley and green lentil when blended at the ratios of 45:55 and 60:40, and extruded at higher temperature resulted in optimal extrudate physical and microstructural properties including higher expansion and crispness, thinner cell walls, reduced hardness, and crunchiness. Significance and novelty Blending cereal and pulse flours in snack food applications will allow development of fiber and protein‐enriched options that are also texturally and structurally appealing.

Pulse flours are nutritionally dense ingredients that can increase protein and fiber contents of extruded foods to create healthier snacks. However, extruding with such ingredients can deteriorate desirable physical properties such as expansion. The use of physical blowing agents (e.g., gases) can counter this. In this study, N2 and CO2 gases were used to investigate the impact of blowing agents on physical properties of red lentil and yellow pea extrudates. Microscopy imaging of extrudate cross‐sections showed increased number of cells brought about by gas injection. Some textural parameters, such as crunchiness, were positively affected by gas use regardless of pulse type, whereas others, such as bowl life, were a function of both pulse and gas type. The greatest changes in overall extrudate color and lightness were observed for red lentil with N2 gas injection. The use of physical blowing agents during food extrusion presents great potential in manipulating extrudate expansion, microstructure, texture, and color, with N2 gas well suited for red lentil extrudates in dry form and CO2 gas well suited for yellow pea extrudates in wet form. Practical applications Physical blowing agent‐assisted extrusion is a novel technology for the food industry's ability to control aerated food structure and texture. As such, the concentration and solubility of blowing agents may be manipulated to enhance the physical properties of high protein‐ and high fiber‐aerated foods, including ready‐to‐eat snacks, breakfast cereals, and gluten‐free products. The use of physical blowing agent‐assisted extrusion has tremendous potential for the development of nutritionally dense, plant‐based aerated foods with consumer appeal. The results obtained are useful for the food industry because incorporation of such food products into our daily diets, through processing them using innovative technologies, not only adds value to plants (e.g., pulses and cereals) but also has potential health, economic, and ecological benefits for the society.